Mohammad Ashraf – författare

This book clarifies some misunderstandings about money by tying the concept of money to the goods and services sector of the economy. In addition, it demystifies the process of money creation on the part of central banks.

The phenomenon of money is ubiquitous; it has been around for tens of thousands of years, if not longer. Indeed, no modern economy could function without money. For many, however, the concept of money remains elusive. Worse still, misinformation abounds, which leaves the uninitiated vulnerable to fraud. This lack of understanding has serious policy implications as well. When policymakers lack a firm grasp of the concept, policy is likely to be flawed and its effects are likely to be detrimental to the body politic.

After providing a brief history of money, the author details the role of money in the division of labor and specialization, in economic growth, and in an interconnected world. Throughout the book, he points out the pitfalls of fallacious thinking. In recent policy debates, such thinking has led to proposals ranging from the re-institution of the gold standard to supplying limitless money as suggested by Modern Monetary Theory.  

This volume showcases mostly the contributions presented at the International Conference in Algebra and Its Applications held at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during November 12-14, 2016. Refereed by renowned experts in the field, this wide-ranging collection of works presents the state of the art in the field of algebra and its applications covering topics such as derivations in rings, category theory, Baer module theory, coding theory, graph theory, semi-group theory, HNP rings, Leavitt path algebras, generalized matrix algebras, Nakayama conjecture, near ring theory and lattice theory. All of the contributing authors are leading international academicians and researchers in their respective fields.

Contents On Structure of ∗-Prime Rings with Generalized Derivation A characterization of additive mappings in rings with involution| Skew constacyclic codes over Fq + vFq + v2Fq Generalized total graphs of commutative rings: A survey Differential conditions for which near-rings are commutative rings Generalized Skew Derivations satisfying the second Posner’s theorem on Lie ideals Generalized Skew-Derivations on Lie Ideals in Prime Rings On generalized derivations and commutativity of prime rings with involution On (n, d)-Krull property in amalgamated algebra Pure ideals in ordered Γ-semigroups Projective ideals of differential polynomial rings over HNP rings Additive central m-power skew-commuting maps on semiprime rings A Note on CESS-Lattices Properties Inherited by Direct Sums of Copies of a Module Modules witnessing that a Leavitt path algebra is directly infinite Inductive Groupoids and Normal Categories of Regular Semigroups Actions of generalized derivations in Rings and Banach Algebras Proper Categories and Their Duals On Nakayama Conjecture and related conjectures-Review On construction of global actions for partial actions On 2-absorbing and Weakly 2-absorbing Ideals in Product Lattices Separability in algebra and category theory Annihilators of power values of generalized skew derivations on Lie ideals Generalized derivations on prime rings with involution

This volume showcases mostly the contributions presented at the International Conference in Algebra and Its Applications held at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India during November 12-14, 2016. Refereed by renowned experts in the field, this wide-ranging collection of works presents the state of the art in the field of algebra and its applications covering topics such as derivations in rings, category theory, Baer module theory, coding theory, graph theory, semi-group theory, HNP rings, Leavitt path algebras, generalized matrix algebras, Nakayama conjecture, near ring theory and lattice theory. All of the contributing authors are leading international academicians and researchers in their respective fields.

Contents On Structure of ∗-Prime Rings with Generalized Derivation A characterization of additive mappings in rings with involution| Skew constacyclic codes over Fq + vFq + v2Fq Generalized total graphs of commutative rings: A survey Differential conditions for which near-rings are commutative rings Generalized Skew Derivations satisfying the second Posner’s theorem on Lie ideals Generalized Skew-Derivations on Lie Ideals in Prime Rings On generalized derivations and commutativity of prime rings with involution On (n, d)-Krull property in amalgamated algebra Pure ideals in ordered Γ-semigroups Projective ideals of differential polynomial rings over HNP rings Additive central m-power skew-commuting maps on semiprime rings A Note on CESS-Lattices Properties Inherited by Direct Sums of Copies of a Module Modules witnessing that a Leavitt path algebra is directly infinite Inductive Groupoids and Normal Categories of Regular Semigroups Actions of generalized derivations in Rings and Banach Algebras Proper Categories and Their Duals On Nakayama Conjecture and related conjectures-Review On construction of global actions for partial actions On 2-absorbing and Weakly 2-absorbing Ideals in Product Lattices Separability in algebra and category theory Annihilators of power values of generalized skew derivations on Lie ideals Generalized derivations on prime rings with involution

This book is a collection of selected research papers, some of which were presented at the International Conference on Differential Geometry, Algebra and Analysis (ICDGAA 2016), held at the Department of Mathematics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, from 15–17 November 2016. It covers a wide range of topics—geometry of submanifolds, geometry of statistical submanifolds, ring theory, module theory, optimization theory, and approximation theory—which exhibit new ideas and methodologies for current research in differential geometry, algebra and analysis. Providing new results with rigorous proofs, this book is, therefore, of much interest to readers who wish to learn new techniques in these areas of mathematics.

This proceedings is a collection of research papers on algebra and related topics, most of which were presented at the International Conference on Algebra and Related Topics with Applications (ICARTA-19), held at the Department of Mathematics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, from 17–19 December 2019. It covers a wide range of topics on ring theory, coding theory, cryptography, and graph theory. In addition to highlighting the latest research being done in algebra, the book also addresses the abundant topics of algebra particularly semigroups, groups, derivations in rings, rings and modules, group rings, matrix algebra, triangular algebra, polynomial rings and lattice theory. Apart from these topics, the book also discusses applications in cryptology, coding theory, and graph theory.

This volume contains selected chapters on algebra and related topics presented at the International Conference on Algebra and its Applications, held at the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco, from 12–15 July 2023, held in honour of Prof. Ayman Badawi and Prof. Abdelmoujib Benkirane. It contains a cross-section of topics in algebra and its applications which contribute to the development of pure and applied algebra. Chapters in the book focus on modern trends and techniques in various branches of pure and applied algebra and highlight their applications in several other branches of mathematics like coding theory, cryptography and graph theory. Covering a broad range of topics in pure and applied algebra, the book will be useful to a wide spectrum of researchers and graduate students in mathematics.