Packed bed columns are largely employed for absorption, desorption, rectification and direct heat transfer processes in chemical and food industry, environmental protection and also processes in thermal power stations like water purification, flue gas heat utilization and SO2 removal.These Separation processes, are estimated to account for 40%-70% of capital and operating costs in process industry. Packed bed columns are widely employed in this area. Their usage also for direct heat transfer between gas and liquid, enlarge their importance. They are the best apparatuses, from thermodynamical point of view, for mass and heat transfer processes between gas and liquid phase.Their wide spreading is due to low capital investments and operating costs. Since 1995 there has not been published a specialised book in this area, and this is a period of quick development of packed columns. Packed Bed Columns reflects the state of this field including the author''s experience on creating and investigating of new packings, column internals and industrial columns.- Considers the theories of mass transfer processes and shows how they help the construction of highly effective packings- Complete information about the performance characteristics of different modern types of highly effective packings- Considers the models for calculation and areas of their application

Packed bed columns are largely employed for absorption, desorption, rectification and direct heat transfer processes in chemical and food industry, environmental protection and also processes in thermal power stations like water purification, flue gas heat utilization and SO2 removal.

These Separation processes, are estimated to account for 40%-70% of capital and operating costs in process industry. Packed bed columns are widely employed in this area. Their usage also for direct heat transfer between gas and liquid, enlarge their importance. They are the best apparatuses, from thermodynamical point of view, for mass and heat transfer processes between gas and liquid phase.

Their wide spreading is due to low capital investments and operating costs. Since 1995 there has not been published a specialised book in this area, and this is a period of quick development of packed columns. Packed Bed Columns reflects the state of this field including the author's experience on creating and investigating of new packings, column internals and industrial columns.

Considers the theories of mass transfer processes and shows how they help the construction of highly effective packings Complete information about the performance characteristics of different modern types of highly effective packings Considers the models for calculation and areas of their application

"Everything should be as simple as can be, but not simpler. " Albert Einstein The past decade has been marked by a trend from invasive to noninvasive intraoperative monitoring. As far as respiratory monitoring is concerned, initial experience with transcutaneous gas analysis laid the foundation for widespread clinical use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal gas analysis. It has been long recognized that echo­ cardiography might become an equally useful adjunct to cardiovascular monitoring. The fundamental purpose of cardiac monitoring is to warn the anesthesiologist of existing or impending cardiac abnormalities, so they can be corrected or prevented before the patient is harmed. Forces wi thin and ou tside of medicine are pressuring our specialty to improve cardiovascular monitoring. For instance, the average age of the population is increasing, resulting in more elderly patients presenting for major surgical procedures. At the same time, the medical-legal establishment stands ready to hold anesthesiologists accountable for almost any adverse outcome associated with anesthesia or surgery. ! In an effort to deal with this pressure, anesthesiologists have often resorted to invasive cardiovascular monitoring. However, invasive procedures are expensive, and even in the most experienced hands, they sometimes result in complications. In the past few years, with the development of modern computerized medical ultrasonics, anesthesiologists have recognized the usefulness of trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a new monitoring technique. TEE is the most complex, sophisticated, and potent cardiovascular monitor ever introduced.

"Everything should be as simple as can be, but not simpler. " Albert Einstein The past decade has been marked by a trend from invasive to noninvasive intraoperative monitoring. As far as respiratory monitoring is concerned, initial experience with transcutaneous gas analysis laid the foundation for widespread clinical use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal gas analysis. It has been long recognized that echo­ cardiography might become an equally useful adjunct to cardiovascular monitoring. The fundamental purpose of cardiac monitoring is to warn the anesthesiologist of existing or impending cardiac abnormalities, so they can be corrected or prevented before the patient is harmed. Forces wi thin and ou tside of medicine are pressuring our specialty to improve cardiovascular monitoring. For instance, the average age of the population is increasing, resulting in more elderly patients presenting for major surgical procedures. At the same time, the medical-legal establishment stands ready to hold anesthesiologists accountable for almost any adverse outcome associated with anesthesia or surgery. ! In an effort to deal with this pressure, anesthesiologists have often resorted to invasive cardiovascular monitoring. However, invasive procedures are expensive, and even in the most experienced hands, they sometimes result in complications. In the past few years, with the development of modern computerized medical ultrasonics, anesthesiologists have recognized the usefulness of trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a new monitoring technique. TEE is the most complex, sophisticated, and potent cardiovascular monitor ever introduced.

Packed bed columns are largely employed for absorption, desorption, rectification and direct heat transfer processes in chemical and food industry, environmental protection and also processes in thermal power stations like water purification, flue gas heat utilization and SO2 removal.These Separation processes, are estimated to account for 40%-70% of capital and operating costs in process industry. Packed bed columns are widely employed in this area. Their usage also for direct heat transfer between gas and liquid, enlarge their importance. They are the best apparatuses, from thermodynamical point of view, for mass and heat transfer processes between gas and liquid phase.Their wide spreading is due to low capital investments and operating costs. Since 1995 there has not been published a specialised book in this area, and this is a period of quick development of packed columns. Packed Bed Columns reflects the state of this field including the author''s experience on creating and investigating of new packings, column internals and industrial columns.- Considers the theories of mass transfer processes and shows how they help the construction of highly effective packings- Complete information about the performance characteristics of different modern types of highly effective packings- Considers the models for calculation and areas of their application

Packed bed columns are largely employed for absorption, desorption, rectification and direct heat transfer processes in chemical and food industry, environmental protection and also processes in thermal power stations like water purification, flue gas heat utilization and SO2 removal.

These Separation processes, are estimated to account for 40%-70% of capital and operating costs in process industry. Packed bed columns are widely employed in this area. Their usage also for direct heat transfer between gas and liquid, enlarge their importance. They are the best apparatuses, from thermodynamical point of view, for mass and heat transfer processes between gas and liquid phase.

Their wide spreading is due to low capital investments and operating costs. Since 1995 there has not been published a specialised book in this area, and this is a period of quick development of packed columns. Packed Bed Columns reflects the state of this field including the author's experience on creating and investigating of new packings, column internals and industrial columns.

Considers the theories of mass transfer processes and shows how they help the construction of highly effective packings Complete information about the performance characteristics of different modern types of highly effective packings Considers the models for calculation and areas of their application

"Everything should be as simple as can be, but not simpler. " Albert Einstein The past decade has been marked by a trend from invasive to noninvasive intraoperative monitoring. As far as respiratory monitoring is concerned, initial experience with transcutaneous gas analysis laid the foundation for widespread clinical use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal gas analysis. It has been long recognized that echo­ cardiography might become an equally useful adjunct to cardiovascular monitoring. The fundamental purpose of cardiac monitoring is to warn the anesthesiologist of existing or impending cardiac abnormalities, so they can be corrected or prevented before the patient is harmed. Forces wi thin and ou tside of medicine are pressuring our specialty to improve cardiovascular monitoring. For instance, the average age of the population is increasing, resulting in more elderly patients presenting for major surgical procedures. At the same time, the medical-legal establishment stands ready to hold anesthesiologists accountable for almost any adverse outcome associated with anesthesia or surgery. ! In an effort to deal with this pressure, anesthesiologists have often resorted to invasive cardiovascular monitoring. However, invasive procedures are expensive, and even in the most experienced hands, they sometimes result in complications. In the past few years, with the development of modern computerized medical ultrasonics, anesthesiologists have recognized the usefulness of trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a new monitoring technique. TEE is the most complex, sophisticated, and potent cardiovascular monitor ever introduced.

"Everything should be as simple as can be, but not simpler. " Albert Einstein The past decade has been marked by a trend from invasive to noninvasive intraoperative monitoring. As far as respiratory monitoring is concerned, initial experience with transcutaneous gas analysis laid the foundation for widespread clinical use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal gas analysis. It has been long recognized that echo­ cardiography might become an equally useful adjunct to cardiovascular monitoring. The fundamental purpose of cardiac monitoring is to warn the anesthesiologist of existing or impending cardiac abnormalities, so they can be corrected or prevented before the patient is harmed. Forces wi thin and ou tside of medicine are pressuring our specialty to improve cardiovascular monitoring. For instance, the average age of the population is increasing, resulting in more elderly patients presenting for major surgical procedures. At the same time, the medical-legal establishment stands ready to hold anesthesiologists accountable for almost any adverse outcome associated with anesthesia or surgery. ! In an effort to deal with this pressure, anesthesiologists have often resorted to invasive cardiovascular monitoring. However, invasive procedures are expensive, and even in the most experienced hands, they sometimes result in complications. In the past few years, with the development of modern computerized medical ultrasonics, anesthesiologists have recognized the usefulness of trans esophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a new monitoring technique. TEE is the most complex, sophisticated, and potent cardiovascular monitor ever introduced.