Nils J. Nilsson – författare

Intelligent agents are employed as the central characters in this new introductory text. Beginning with elementary reactive agents, Nilsson gradually increases their cognitive horsepower to illustrate the most important and lasting ideas in AI. Neural networks, genetic programming, computer vision, heuristic search, knowledge representation and reasoning, Bayes networks, planning, and language understanding are each revealed through the growing capabilities of these agents. The book provides a refreshing and motivating new synthesis of the field by one of AI''s master expositors and leading researchers. Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis takes the reader on a complete tour of this intriguing new world of AI.- An evolutionary approach provides a unifying theme- Thorough coverage of important AI ideas, old and new- Frequent use of examples and illustrative diagrams- Extensive coverage of machine learning methods throughout the text- Citations to over 500 references- Comprehensive index

Intelligent agents are employed as the central characters in this introductory text. Beginning with elementary reactive agents, Nilsson gradually increases their cognitive horsepower to illustrate the most important and lasting ideas in AI. Neural networks, genetic programming, computer vision, heuristic search, knowledge representation and reasoning, Bayes networks, planning, and language understanding are each revealed through the growing capabilities of these agents. A distinguishing feature of this text is in its evolutionary approach to the study of AI. This book provides a refreshing and motivating synthesis of the field by one of AI''s master expositors and leading researches.- An evolutionary approach provides a unifying theme- Thorough coverage of important AI ideas, old and new- Frequent use of examples and illustrative diagrams- Extensive coverage of machine learning methods throughout the text- Citations to over 500 references- Comprehensive index

Intended both as a text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, and as a key reference work for AI researchers and developers, Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence is a lucid, rigorous, and comprehensive account of the fundamentals of artificial intelligence from the standpoint of logic.The first section of the book introduces the logicist approach to AI--discussing the representation of declarative knowledge and featuring an introduction to the process of conceptualization, the syntax and semantics of predicate calculus, and the basics of other declarative representations such as frames and semantic nets. This section also provides a simple but powerful inference procedure, resolution, and shows how it can be used in a reasoning system.The next several chapters discuss nonmonotonic reasoning, induction, and reasoning under uncertainty, broadening the logical approach to deal with the inadequacies of strict logical deduction. The third section introduces modal operators that facilitate representing and reasoning about knowledge. This section also develops the process of writing predicate calculus sentences to the metalevel--to permit sentences about sentences and about reasoning processes. The final three chapters discuss the representation of knowledge about states and actions, planning, and intelligent system architecture.End-of-chapter bibliographic and historical comments provide background and point to other works of interest and research. Each chapter also contains numerous student exercises (with solutions provided in an appendix) to reinforce concepts and challenge the learner. A bibliography and index complete this comprehensive work.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field within computer science that is attempting to build enhanced intelligence into computer systems. This book traces the history of the subject, from the early dreams of eighteenth-century (and earlier) pioneers to the more successful work of today's AI engineers. AI is becoming more and more a part of everyone's life. The technology is already embedded in face-recognizing cameras, speech-recognition software, Internet search engines, and health-care robots, among other applications. The book's many diagrams and easy-to-understand descriptions of AI programs will help the casual reader gain an understanding of how these and other AI systems actually work. Its thorough (but unobtrusive) end-of-chapter notes containing citations to important source materials will be of great use to AI scholars and researchers. This book promises to be the definitive history of a field that has captivated the imaginations of scientists, philosophers, and writers for centuries.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field within computer science that is attempting to build enhanced intelligence into computer systems. This book traces the history of the subject, from the early dreams of eighteenth-century (and earlier) pioneers to the more successful work of today's AI engineers. AI is becoming more and more a part of everyone's life. The technology is already embedded in face-recognizing cameras, speech-recognition software, Internet search engines, and health-care robots, among other applications. The book's many diagrams and easy-to-understand descriptions of AI programs will help the casual reader gain an understanding of how these and other AI systems actually work. Its thorough (but unobtrusive) end-of-chapter notes containing citations to important source materials will be of great use to AI scholars and researchers. This book promises to be the definitive history of a field that has captivated the imaginations of scientists, philosophers, and writers for centuries.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field within computer science that is attempting to build enhanced intelligence into computer systems. This book traces the history of the subject, from the early dreams of eighteenth-century (and earlier) pioneers to the more successful work of today''s AI engineers. AI is becoming more and more a part of everyone''s life. The technology is already embedded in face-recognizing cameras, speech-recognition software, Internet search engines, and health-care robots, among other applications. The book''s many diagrams and easy-to-understand descriptions of AI programs will help the casual reader gain an understanding of how these and other AI systems actually work. Its thorough (but unobtrusive) end-of-chapter notes containing citations to important source materials will be of great use to AI scholars and researchers. This book promises to be the definitive history of a field that has captivated the imaginations of scientists, philosophers, and writers for centuries.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field within computer science that is attempting to build enhanced intelligence into computer systems. This book traces the history of the subject, from the early dreams of eighteenth-century (and earlier) pioneers to the more successful work of today''s AI engineers. AI is becoming more and more a part of everyone''s life. The technology is already embedded in face-recognizing cameras, speech-recognition software, Internet search engines, and health-care robots, among other applications. The book''s many diagrams and easy-to-understand descriptions of AI programs will help the casual reader gain an understanding of how these and other AI systems actually work. Its thorough (but unobtrusive) end-of-chapter notes containing citations to important source materials will be of great use to AI scholars and researchers. This book promises to be the definitive history of a field that has captivated the imaginations of scientists, philosophers, and writers for centuries.

Readings in Artificial Intelligence focuses on the principles, methodologies, advancements, and approaches involved in artificial intelligence. The selection first elaborates on representations of problems of reasoning about actions, a problem similarity approach to devising heuristics, and optimal search strategies for speech understanding control. Discussions focus on comparison with existing speech understanding systems, empirical comparisons of the different strategies, analysis of distance function approximation, problem similarity, problems of reasoning about action, search for solution in the reduction system, and relationship between the initial search space and the higher level search space. The book then examines consistency in networks of relations, non-resolution theorem proving, using rewriting rules for connection graphs to prove theorems, and closed world data bases. The manuscript tackles a truth maintenance system, elements of a plan-based theory of speech acts, and reasoning about knowledge and action. Topics include problems in reasoning about knowledge, integration knowledge and action, models of plans, compositional adequacy, truth maintenance mechanisms, dialectical arguments, and assumptions and the problem of control. The selection is a valuable reference for researchers wanting to explore the field of artificial intelligence.

A classic introduction to artificial intelligence intended to bridge the gap between theory and practice, Principles of Artificial Intelligence describes fundamental AI ideas that underlie applications such as natural language processing, automatic programming, robotics, machine vision, automatic theorem proving, and intelligent data retrieval. Rather than focusing on the subject matter of the applications, the book is organized around general computational concepts involving the kinds of data structures used, the types of operations performed on the data structures, and the properties of the control strategies used.Principles of Artificial Intelligenceevolved from the author''s courses and seminars at Stanford University and University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and is suitable for text use in a senior or graduate AI course, or for individual study.

Intelligent agents are employed as the central characters in this introductory text. Beginning with elementary reactive agents, Nilsson gradually increases their cognitive horsepower to illustrate the most important and lasting ideas in AI. Neural networks, genetic programming, computer vision, heuristic search, knowledge representation and reasoning, Bayes networks, planning, and language understanding are each revealed through the growing capabilities of these agents. A distinguishing feature of this text is in its evolutionary approach to the study of AI. This book provides a refreshing and motivating synthesis of the field by one of AI's master expositors and leading researches. An evolutionary approach provides a unifying theme Thorough coverage of important AI ideas, old and new Frequent use of examples and illustrative diagrams Extensive coverage of machine learning methods throughout the text Citations to over 500 references Comprehensive index

Dieses Buch basiert auf zwei zentralen Annahmen: Für den wissen­ schaftlichen und technischen Fortschritt einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin ist erstens ein geeignetes mathematisches Handwerkszeug zur Formulierung und Zusammenfassung neuer Ideen nötig. Zweitens ist die symbolische Logik ein sehr wesentlicher Bestandteil der in der Forschung über Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) verwendeten Mathe­ matik. Beide Behauptungen müssen begründet werden. Man sollte allerdings meinen, unser erster Grundsatz fände ei­ gentlich allgemeine Zustimmung. Dennoch gibt es in neuen Wissen­ schaftsgebieten, in denen das Wissen hauptsächlich an die Praxis und empirische Fallstudien gebunden ist, vehemente Einwände gegen die Versuche einer Mathematisierung. (Einer der Autoren erinnert sich beispielsweise daran, wie sich in den 50-er Jahren einige Elektroingenieure darüber beklagten, daß zum Verständnis von elek­ trischen Schaltkreisen und Kontrollsystemen Differentialglei­ chungen doch völlig unnötig seinen!) Wir behaupten nicht, daß das Wissen um die mathematischen Grundlagen und Techniken einer Diszi­ plin allein ausreicht, um in der Forschung oder in der Praxis er­ folgreich zu sein. Wir sind allerdings der Meinung, daß zu einem VIII Vorwort erfolgreichem Studium der modernen, insbesonders technisch orien­ tierten Wissenschaftsdisziplinen immer auch ein solides mathema­ tisches Handwerkszeug der jeweiligen Disziplin gehört. Das Studium dieser Grundlagen bietet die Voraussetzungen, um die jeweilige Disziplin interpretieren, verstehen und ausbauen zu können. Da die KI eine noch relativ junge Disziplin ist, ist es nicht verwunderlich, daß es hitzige und geistreiche Debatten zwischen "Formalisten" und "Experimentalisten" gibt. Die Formalisten mei­ nen, dieExperimentalisten kämen schneller voran, wenn sie ein tieferes Verständnis der theoretischen Grundlagen der KI besäßen.

Dieses Buch basiert auf zwei zentralen Annahmen: Für den wissen­ schaftlichen und technischen Fortschritt einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin ist erstens ein geeignetes mathematisches Handwerkszeug zur Formulierung und Zusammenfassung neuer Ideen nötig. Zweitens ist die symbolische Logik ein sehr wesentlicher Bestandteil der in der Forschung über Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) verwendeten Mathe­ matik. Beide Behauptungen müssen begründet werden. Man sollte allerdings meinen, unser erster Grundsatz fände ei­ gentlich allgemeine Zustimmung. Dennoch gibt es in neuen Wissen­ schaftsgebieten, in denen das Wissen hauptsächlich an die Praxis und empirische Fallstudien gebunden ist, vehemente Einwände gegen die Versuche einer Mathematisierung. (Einer der Autoren erinnert sich beispielsweise daran, wie sich in den 50-er Jahren einige Elektroingenieure darüber beklagten, daß zum Verständnis von elek­ trischen Schaltkreisen und Kontrollsystemen Differentialglei­ chungen doch völlig unnötig seinen!) Wir behaupten nicht, daß das Wissen um die mathematischen Grundlagen und Techniken einer Diszi­ plin allein ausreicht, um in der Forschung oder in der Praxis er­ folgreich zu sein. Wir sind allerdings der Meinung, daß zu einem VIII Vorwort erfolgreichem Studium der modernen, insbesonders technisch orien­ tierten Wissenschaftsdisziplinen immer auch ein solides mathema­ tisches Handwerkszeug der jeweiligen Disziplin gehört. Das Studium dieser Grundlagen bietet die Voraussetzungen, um die jeweilige Disziplin interpretieren, verstehen und ausbauen zu können. Da die KI eine noch relativ junge Disziplin ist, ist es nicht verwunderlich, daß es hitzige und geistreiche Debatten zwischen "Formalisten" und "Experimentalisten" gibt. Die Formalisten mei­ nen, dieExperimentalisten kämen schneller voran, wenn sie ein tieferes Verständnis der theoretischen Grundlagen der KI besäßen.

Previous treatments of Artificial Intelligence (AI) divide the subject into its major areas of application, namely, natural language processing, automatic programming, robotics, machine vision, automatic theorem proving, intelligent data retrieval systems, etc. The major difficulty with this approach is that these application areas are now so extensive, that each could, at best, be only superficially treated in a book of this length. Instead, I have attempted here to describe fundamental AI ideas that underlie many of these applications. My organization of these ideas is not, then, based on the subject matter of their application, but is, instead, based on general computational concepts involving the kinds of data structures used, the types of operations performed on these data struc­ tures, and the properties of con'trol strategies used by AI systems. I stress, in particular, the important roles played in AI by generalized production systems and the predicate calculus. The notes on which the book is based evolved in courses and seminars at Stanford University and at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Although certain topics treated in my previous book, Problem­ solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence, are covered here as well, this book contains many additional topics such as rule-based systems, robot problem-solving systems, and structured-object representations.

Previous treatments of Artificial Intelligence (AI) divide the subject into its major areas of application, namely, natural language processing, automatic programming, robotics, machine vision, automatic theorem proving, intelligent data retrieval systems, etc. The major difficulty with this approach is that these application areas are now so extensive, that each could, at best, be only superficially treated in a book of this length. Instead, I have attempted here to describe fundamental AI ideas that underlie many of these applications. My organization of these ideas is not, then, based on the subject matter of their application, but is, instead, based on general computational concepts involving the kinds of data structures used, the types of operations performed on these data struc­ tures, and the properties of con'trol strategies used by AI systems. I stress, in particular, the important roles played in AI by generalized production systems and the predicate calculus. The notes on which the book is based evolved in courses and seminars at Stanford University and at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Although certain topics treated in my previous book, Problem­ solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence, are covered here as well, this book contains many additional topics such as rule-based systems, robot problem-solving systems, and structured-object representations.

Para una comprensión de las creencias ofrece una evaluación del impacto que tienen las creencias en el modo de vivir de las personas, así como de sus repercusiones físicas y mentales, a la vez que destaca el importante papel que tienen las creencias en la toma de nuestras decisiones cotidianas. A diferencia de las posturas epistemológicas que distinguen el conocimiento de las creencias, para el autor éstas sí constituyen conocimiento, además, poseen un alto valor ético, ya que moldean y dirigen toda acción. Nilsson propone el razonamiento deliberativo y analítico, denominado comúnmente como el método científico, como el modo de evaluación de las creencias más eficiente. El autor ofrece una perspectiva epistemológica de las creencias derivada de su campo de especialidad, la inteligencia artificial, la cual toma en cuenta el carácter emocional de éstas.