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Blackstone's Police Manuals 2027, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2027 syllabus..Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 1: Crime 2027 covers areas including Homicide, Sexual Offences, Fraud, State of Mind, and Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2027 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, as well as revised keynotes on important areas and improved structuring to aid revision.Also available in the series are: Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2027 and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2027.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2027 endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing an NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the four volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2027 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2027 covers areas including Bail, Disclosure of Evidence, and Court Procedure and Witnesses, as well as PACE Codes C, D, E, and F. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2027 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, and streamlined to provide the most relevant material.Also available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2027 and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2027.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2027, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination.Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2027 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 3: General Police Duties 2027 covers areas including Terrorism and Associated Offences, Domestic Violence and Abuse, Complaints and Misconduct, and Public Order Offences, as well as PACE Codes A, B, and G. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2027 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law and streamlined to provide the most relevant material.Also available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2027 and Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2027.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Q&A 2027 is your essential revision aid for preparing for the National Investigators' Examination (NIE). The book contains a range of multiple-choice questions divided into four parts (General Principles, Police Powers and Procedures; Serious Crime and Other Offences; Property Offences; and Sexual Offences) which mirror Parts One to Four of the Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2027. Each question is provided with a detailed and comprehensive answer, highlighting not only the correct response, but also the reasoning behind the incorrect responses. Full cross-references to the relevant Manual paragraphs and Keynotes encourage more effective studying, while a question checklist helps you track your progress.This book is an excellent learning aid and study resource which helps reinforce knowledge and understanding of the National Investigators' Examination syllabus. It is a must for students and their trainers preparing for the NIE exam. In addition, if you are a police promotion exam candidate looking for extra practice material, you will find this text invaluable.

Blackstone's Police Q&As 2027 are the essential revision tool for all police officers sitting the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. They are created to follow Blackstone's Police Manuals, the only study guides endorsed by the College of Policing, providing the most authoritative means of self-testing outside of the promotion examinations.Blackstone's Police Q&A Volume 1: Crime 2027 contains hundreds of multiple-choice questions designed to reinforce knowledge and understanding of the Crime Manual. Each question, presented in the 'Type A' format, has a detailed and comprehensive answer that highlights not only the correct response, but also the reasoning so that you understand the law and how it should be applied in practice and, as importantly, why the incorrect responses are wrong. This is essential for building your understanding of the syllabus and how it will be examined and also allows candidates to highlight any gaps or weaknesses in their knowledge. Each Q&A includes full cross-references to the relevant Manual paragraphs, while a question checklist helps you track your progress.The 2027 editions of this popular series contain important updates, reflecting changes to the 2027 versions of the Blackstone's Police Manuals and the NPPF Syllabus 2027. This edition of Crime includes new questions from across the 2027 syllabus, in line with legislative and case law updates. Other titles in the series include Evidence and Procedure Q&A 2027 and General Police Duties Q&A 2027.Blackstone's Police Q&As are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.comThis product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

With simple summaries of the law, helpful examples and scenarios, and sample multiple-choice questions, this book is an essential revision aid for police promotion candidates preparing for the NPPF Stpe 2 Legal Exam.

`IBlackstone's Police Manuals 2024, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2024 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 1: Crime 2024 covers areas including Homicide, Sexual Offences, Fraud, State of Mind, and Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2024 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, as well as revised keynotes on important areas and improved structuring to aid revision.Also available in the series are: Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2024 and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2024.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2024, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination.Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2024 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 3: General Police Duties 2024 covers areas including Terrorism and Associated Offences, Domestic Abuse, Complaints and Misconduct, and Public Disorder, as well as PACE Codes A, B, and G. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2024 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law.Also available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2024 and Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2024.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2024, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2024 syllabus.Available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2024, Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2024, and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2024. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2024 editions have been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, including the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual and Workbook 2024 are comprehensive study and reference guides for the National Investigators' Exam (NIE), which is taken as part of Phase 1 of the Initial Crime Investigators' Development Programme. It is the most comprehensive and effective package for studying for the NIE, providing the complete 2024 syllabus, and practical exercises and multiple-choice questions to test your knowledge.Based on the bestselling Blackstone's Police Manuals, Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2024 provides all the legal information which is relevant to your role as a trainee investigator and is applicable to all NIE exams taken in 2024. Covering all key legislation in the areas of General Principles, Police Powers and Procedures; Serious Crime and Other Offences; Property Offences; and Sexual Offences, it also features the relevant PACE Codes of Practice, with chapters incorporating the relevant Code with Keynotes offering practical advice and examples, as well as chapters covering the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 for investigators within immigration, customs, and the National Crime Agency.Blackstone's Police Investigators' Workbook 2024 has 24 chapters, offering you an opportunity to gauge your revision progress through multiple-choice questions at each chapter opening, followed by a refresher section on complex parts of the syllabus with exercises and flowcharts, and recall questions at the conclusion to reinforce learning. Useful cross references point back to the Manual in the answer sections.Now in its twenty-second edition, both the Manual and Workbook contain the latest legislation and case law relevant to the 2024 NIE, including the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022, the Domestic Abuse Act 2021 and the Nationality and Borders Act 2022, the Attorney General's updated Guidelines on Disclosure and significant case law decisions.

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2024 helps you prepare for your NIE multiple-choice examination, with 80 exclusive questions taken from across the syllabus and fully referenced to the Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2024.Split into two handy sections, the paper contains the mock exam booklet and answer sheet, and a second, sealed pack containing the answers and detailed marking matrix. Matching the only format of questions you will see in NIE examinations (Type A), the two hour time limit helps you gauge your revision progress and practise your exam technique. Once the exam is completed, the answers are provided with full explanations not only of the correct response but also with details of why the other responses were incorrect, and these are referenced back to the officially endorsed Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2024. The paper tests you on all areas of the official syllabus found in the Manual and includes verification questions to simulate exact examination conditions. Updates for the 2024 syllabus include a full revision of question layout and over 20 new questions, covering key revisions to PACE Codes C, E, and F, and significant case law decisions.Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2024 can offer a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of your exam preparedness, and help you plan to avoid unnecessary pitfalls.This product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2025, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2025 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 1: Crime 2025 covers areas including Homicide, Sexual Offences, Fraud, State of Mind, and Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2025 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, as well as revised keynotes on important areas and improved structuring to aid revision.Also available in the series are: Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2025 and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2025.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2025, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing an NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the four volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2025 syllabus.Blackstone's Police Manual Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2025 covers areas including Bail, Disclosure of Evidence, and Court Procedure and Witnesses, as well as PACE Codes C, D, E, and F. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2025 edition has been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, including the latest versions of the PACE Codes and a completely rewritten chapter on Interviews: PACE Codes C, E and F.Also available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2025 and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2025.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2025 helps you prepare for your NIE multiple-choice examination, with 80 exclusive questions taken from across the syllabus and fully referenced to the Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2025.Split into two handy sections, the paper contains the mock exam booklet and answer sheet, and a second, sealed pack containing the answers and detailed marking matrix. Matching the only format of questions you will see in NIE examinations (Type A), the two hour time limit helps you gauge your revision progress and practise your exam technique. Once the exam is completed, the answers are provided with full explanations not only of the correct response but also with details of why the other responses were incorrect, and these are referenced back to the officially endorsed Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2025. The paper tests you on all areas of the official syllabus found in the Manual and includes verification questions to simulate exact examination conditions. Updates for the 2025 syllabus include a full revision of question layout and over 20 new questions, covering key revisions to PACE Codes C, E, and F, and significant case law decisions.Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2025 can offer a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of your exam preparedness, and help you plan to avoid unnecessary pitfalls.This product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Blackstone's Police Sergeants' and Inspectors' Mock Exam 2025 helps you prepare for your NPPF Step Two Legal Examination (formerly OSPRE® Part I), with 150 exclusive questions taken from across the syllabus and fully referenced to the Blackstone's Police Manuals 2025.Split into two handy sections, the paper contains the mock exam booklet and answer sheet, and a second, sealed pack containing the answers and detailed marking matrix. Matching the only format of questions you will see in both the Sergeants' and Inspectors' examinations, the three hour time limit helps you gauge your revision progress and practise your exam technique. Once the exam is completed, the answers are provided with full explanations, not only of the correct response but also details of why the other responses were incorrect, and these are referenced to the officially endorsed Blackstone's Police Manuals 2025. The paper tests you on all areas of the official syllabus found in the Manuals and includes verification questions to simulate exact examination conditions.Blackstone's Police Sergeants' and Inspectors' Mock Exam 2025 offers a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of your exam preparedness, and helps you to avoid unnecessary pitfalls.This product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Blackstone's Police Q&As 2026 are the essential revision tool for all police officers sitting the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. They are created to follow Blackstone's Police Manuals, the only study guides endorsed by the College of Policing, providing the most authoritative means of self-testing outside of the promotion examinations.Blackstone's Police Q&A Volume 1: Crime 2026 contains hundreds of multiple-choice questions designed to reinforce knowledge and understanding of the Crime Manual. Each question, presented in the 'Type A' format, has a detailed and comprehensive answer that highlights not only the correct response, but also the reasoning so that you understand the law and how it should be applied in practice and, as importantly, why the incorrect responses are wrong. This is essential for building your understanding of the syllabus and how it will be examined and also allows candidates to highlight any gaps or weaknesses in their knowledge. Each Q&A includes full cross-references to the relevant Manual paragraphs, while a question checklist helps you track your progress.The 2026 editions of this popular series contain important updates, reflecting changes to the 2026 versions of the Blackstone's Police Manuals and the NPPF Syllabus 2026. This edition of Crime includes new questions from across the 2026 syllabus, in line with legislative and case law updates. Other titles in the series include Evidence and Procedure Q&A 2026 and General Police Duties Q&A 2026.Blackstone's Police Q&As are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.comThis product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2026, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2026 syllabus.Available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2026, Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2026, and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2026. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2026 editions have been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, including the latest versions of the PACE Codes and the Public Order Act 2023.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2026, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2026 syllabus.Available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2026, Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2026, and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2026. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2026 editions have been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, including the latest versions of the PACE Codes and the Public Order Act 2023.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Manuals 2026, endorsed by the College of Policing, are the only official study guides for the NPPF Step Two Legal Examination. Straightforward and accessible, Blackstone's Police Manuals are the only resource used by question writers when preparing a NPPF Step Two Legal Examination and each of the three volumes forms part of the only comprehensive version of the 2026 syllabus.Available in the series are: Volume 1: Crime 2026, Volume 2: Evidence and Procedure 2026, and Volume 3: General Police Duties 2026. For complex or commonly misunderstood areas, there are handy Keynote boxes, which point to relevant case law or provide an example of how material is used in a practical sense, helping you to establish the connections between legislation and police procedure. The 2026 editions have been updated to incorporate all recent legislative developments and case law, including the latest versions of the PACE Codes and the Public Order Act 2023.Blackstone's Police Manuals are also available as part of our online Blackstone's Police Manuals and Q&As service: http://www.blackstonespoliceservice.com

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Q&A 2026 is your essential revision aid for preparing for the National Investigators' Examination (NIE). The book contains a range of multiple-choice questions divided into four parts (General Principles, Police Powers and Procedures; Serious Crime and Other Offences; Property Offences; and Sexual Offences) which mirror Parts One to Four of the Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026. Each question is provided with a detailed and comprehensive answer, highlighting not only the correct response, but also the reasoning behind the incorrect responses. Full cross-references to the relevant Manual paragraphs and Keynotes encourage more effective studying, while a question checklist helps you track your progress.This book is an excellent learning aid and study resource which helps reinforce knowledge and understanding of the National Investigators' Examination syllabus. It is a must for students and their trainers preparing for the NIE exam. In addition, if you are a police promotion exam candidate looking for extra practice material, you will find this text invaluable.

Blackstone's Police Sergeants' and Inspectors' Mock Exam 2026 helps you prepare for your NPPF Step Two Legal Examination (formerly OSPRE® Part I), with 150 exclusive questions taken from across the syllabus and fully referenced to the Blackstone's Police Manuals 2026.Split into two handy sections, the paper contains the mock exam booklet and answer sheet, and a second, sealed pack containing the answers and detailed marking matrix. Matching the only format of questions you will see in both the Sergeants' and Inspectors' examinations, the three hour time limit helps you gauge your revision progress and practise your exam technique. Once the exam is completed, the answers are provided with full explanations, not only of the correct response but also details of why the other responses were incorrect, and these are referenced to the officially endorsed Blackstone's Police Manuals 2026. The paper tests you on all areas of the official syllabus found in the Manuals and includes verification questions to simulate exact examination conditions.Blackstone's Police Sergeants' and Inspectors' Mock Exam 2026 offers a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of your exam preparedness, and helps you to avoid unnecessary pitfalls.This product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2026 helps you prepare for your NIE multiple-choice examination, with 80 exclusive questions taken from across the syllabus and fully referenced to the Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026.Split into two handy sections, the paper contains the mock exam booklet and answer sheet, and a second, sealed pack containing the answers and detailed marking matrix. Matching the only format of questions you will see in NIE examinations (Type A), the two hour time limit helps you gauge your revision progress and practise your exam technique. Once the exam is completed, the answers are provided with full explanations not only of the correct response but also with details of why the other responses were incorrect, and these are referenced back to the officially endorsed Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026. The paper tests you on all areas of the official syllabus found in the Manual and includes verification questions to simulate exact examination conditions. Blackstone's Police Investigators' Mock Examination Paper 2026 can offer a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of your exam preparedness, and help you plan to avoid unnecessary pitfalls.This product is not endorsed by the College of Policing.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures allowing more fuel flexibility and also useful heat output and so increase total efficiency, but does give some interesting engineering challenges.  Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures provides clear and accurate data for a selection of SOFC topics from the specific details of Ni cermet anodes, chemical expansion in materials, and the measuring and modelling of mechanical stresses, to the broader scope of the history and present design of cells, to SOFC systems and the future of SOFC. Celebrating Ulf Bossel’s work on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and especially his running of the European Fuel Cell Forum, Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures covers important topics on the way including intermediate temperature fuel cells, metal supported fuel cells and both new materials and engineering solutions to some of the challenges of getting SOFC to market.   The chapters are based on the special plenary talks given by some of the most respected and talented people in the field at the 2010 European SOFC Forum in Luzern and the title for this book comes from the report produced by Ulf for the IEA “Final Report on SOFC Data, Facts and Figures”, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 1992.The comprehensive nature of Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures allowing more fuel flexibility and also useful heat output and so increase total efficiency, but does give some interesting engineering challenges.  Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures provides clear and accurate data for a selection of SOFC topics from the specific details of Ni cermet anodes, chemical expansion in materials, and the measuring and modelling of mechanical stresses, to the broader scope of the history and present design of cells, to SOFC systems and the future of SOFC. Celebrating Ulf Bossel’s work on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and especially his running of the European Fuel Cell Forum, Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures covers important topics on the way including intermediate temperature fuel cells, metal supported fuel cells and both new materials and engineering solutions to some of the challenges of getting SOFC to market.   The chapters are based on the special plenary talks given by some of the most respected and talented people in the field at the 2010 European SOFC Forum in Luzern and the title for this book comes from the report produced by Ulf for the IEA “Final Report on SOFC Data, Facts and Figures”, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 1992.The comprehensive nature of Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike.