Peter Gorm Larsen – författare

Object-oriented design methods are commonplace in computing systems development, but are often dismissed as ''boxes & arrows''. If systems developers are to gain full advantage from such methods, they should be able to achieve designs that are not merely the subject of heated argument, but can be improved by careful, rigorous & machine-supported analysis.

This book describes an object-oriented design approach that combines the benefits of abstract modelling with the analytic power of formal methods, to give designs that can be rigorously validated & assured with automated support.

Aimed at software architects, designers & developers as well as computer scientists, no prior knowledge of formal methods is assumed. The elements of functional modelling are introduced using numerous examples & exercises, industrial case studies & experience reports. Industry-strength tools support the text. Go to www.vdmbook.com to download free-of-charge VDMTools Lite, which gives the possibility to try out examples from the book

This book is about the engineering of Digital Twins (DTs) of cyber-physical systems (CPSs). It goes behind the glossy image of DTs to help researchers and advanced professionals to ask and answer the fundamental questions underpinning the development of a DT. What are the foundational concepts of the DT? How do different engineering disciplines interact in creating a DT? How should the physical and digital worlds be connected, and how do the imperfections and faults inherent in both worlds affect the DT''s qualities? How can we use a DT to support decisions, and how do we maintain it through life?

To this end, the book is structured in five parts: “Foundations” introduces the DT concept, the potential benefits of DTs seen from a business perspective, and foundations for DT engineering. “Models and Data” presents the range of models and data that form the core assets of DTs for CPSs. It covers ways in which models can be produced and calibrated, and considers how data is derived from a CPS and communicated to its DT. Next, “Services for Digital Twins” details some of the main services that a DT provides by building on the assets of models and data, including visualisation, fault detection and diagnosis and support for decision-making. “Realising Digital Twins” then covers the realisation of DTs, including a platform allowing engineers to construct DTs from reusable components. Case studies in food production, robotics and marine engineering are presented using a systematic framework that aligns with the DT engineering concepts introduced in the earlier parts of the book. Eventually, “Advanced Topics in Digital Twins” introduces advanced topics in delivering dependable DT-enabled systems, focusing on security and privacy, the capacity for autonomy, and a range of open research topics.

This book aims at researchers in DT technology and design, including advanced (master and doctoral) students, as well as engineering practitioners aiming to develop DTs. The most common techniques described in the main text will be accessible via open-source projects, including further DT examples, exercises and solutions, as well as pointers to emerging standards, frameworks and platforms. Classroom materials, exercises and solutions are available to lecturers through a dedicated Web site.

One of the most significant challenges in the development of embedded and cyber-physical systems is the gap between the disciplines of software and control engineering. In a marketplace, where rapid innovation is essential, engineers from both disciplines need to be able to explore system designs collaboratively, allocating responsibilities to software and physical elements, and analyzing trade-offs between them.

To this end, this book presents a framework that allows the very different kinds of design models – discrete-event (DE) models of software and continuous time (CT) models of the physical environment – to be analyzed and simulated jointly, based on common scenarios. The individual chapters provide introductions to both sides of this co-simulation technology, and give a step-by-step guide to the methodology for designing and analyzing co-models. They are grouped into three parts: Part I introduces the technical basis for collaborative modeling and simulation with the Crescendo technology. Part II continues with different methodological guidelines for creating co-models and analyzing them in different ways using case studies. Part III then delves into more advanced topics and looks into the potential future of this technology in the area of cyber-physical systems. Finally various appendices provide summaries of the VDM and 20-sim technologies, a number of valuable design patterns applicable for co-models, and an acronym list along with indices and references to other literature. By combining descriptions of the underlying theory with records of real engineers’ experience in using the framework on a series of case studies the book appeals to scientists and practitioners alike. It is complemented by tools, examples, videos, and other material on www.crescendotool.org.