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The main goal and impact of modern string theory is to provide a consistent quantum theory of gravity. This book provides an updated collection of original new developments and fundamental research in string theory in connection with gravity and physics at the Planck energy scale.Topics treated in this volume by pioneering researchers in the field include: classical and quantum string dynamics in strong gravitational fields, space-time singularities, black holes and cosmological backgrounds; particle and string scattering at the Planck energy scale; string cosmology and its observational consequences; the new features of multistrings and of quantum particle transmutation for strings in curved spacetimes.The book deals with (i) the several new methods developed to solve the highly nonlinear string dynamics in curved spactimes: approximative perturbative methods, asymptotic expansions, exact local expansions and exact global (over the whole world sheet) string solitonic solutions, (ii) the string energy momentum tensor and the equation of state for the string matter, the stretching of the string size in spacetimes with event horizons and near spacetime singularities, (iii) the canonical and semiclassical quantization of strings in curved spacetimes and the physical effects found for: the mass spectrum, structure of levels, scattering amplitudes, number operator and particle transmutation.

This book contains the lectures delivered at the Fourth Paris Cosmology Colloquium held at the Observatoire de Paris from June 4 - 9, 1997. This Colloquium ‘Phase Transitions in Cosmology’ is the first event of a EUROCONFERENCE series (‘Accompanying Measures’), with the support of the training and Mobility Programme of the Commision of the European Communities.The purpose of the Paris Cosmology Colloquia is to cover selected topics of high current interest in the interplay between cosmology and fundamental physics and to allow easy and fruitful interaction and communication between researchers in these areas. The main aim is to put in contact fundamental theoretical physics (including string theory) with real physical problems that arise in the study of the universe. The Paris Cosmology Colloquia are informal meetings which bring together physicists, astrophysicists and astronomers. Topics covered in this Fourth Paris Cosmology Colloquium included: cosmic microwave background, phase transitions in cosmology and evolution out of the equilibrium quantum fields, the value of the Hubble constant, fundamental strings in primordial cosmology, as well as other subjects of high current interest such as scaling laws in the interstellar medium and in the large scale structure, gravitational lensing and dark matter.

The purpose of this meeting was to cover selected topics of high current interest in the interplay between cosmology and fundamental physics. It brought together physicists, astrophysicists and astronomers and allowed easy and fruitful mutual contacts and communication among them. Topics covered this year include: phase transitions in cosmology and evolution out of the equilibrium of quantum fields, fundamental strings and cosmic strings in cosmology, dark matter and large scale structure, black holes and quantum gravity.

In recent years, the cross-section between fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology has been increasing, both at the theoretical and experimental levels: particle physics experiments, astronomical observations, space satellite data. Such interplay fruitfully influenced research activity setting up Astrofundamental physics.Topics covered both theory and observations, and allowed for different approaches and different lines of research. Topics included are: dark matter, neutrinos in astrophysics, gamma-ray astrophysics, and a section devoted to gravity, cosmology and strings. Each of these topics has matter enough to constitute a course on its own. The interrelation between these topics is important and a source of problems at the frontiers of present knowledge and experimental limits. Latest available data are constraining theory and models in these topics. These lecture notes provide an occasion to review achievements, to confront theory and models with observations and among themselves, to exchange information on the latest developments and to discuss future prospects.

This book contains the lectures delivered at the Second Paris Cosmology Colloquium (second ‘Journée Cosmologie’) held at the Observatoire de Paris from June 2 to 4, 1994.[The first ‘Journée Cosmologie’ was held from May 18 to 19, 1993.]The purpose of these meetings is to cover selected topics of high current interest in the interplay between cosmology and fundamental physics and to allow easy and fruitful mutual contacts and communication. The main aim is to put in contact fundamental theoretical physics (including string theory) with real physical problems that arise in the study of the universe. The Paris Cosmology Colloguia are informal meetings which bring together physicists, astrophysicists and astronomers.Topics covered in the Second Paris Cosmology Colloquium included: fundamental strings and cosmic strings in cosmology, evolution out of the equilibrium of quantum fields in primordial cosmology, dark matter, as well as other subjects of high current interest related to black holes and quantum gravity.Sessions in the 1994 meeting lasted for three days leaving time for private discussions and for enjoying the beautiful parisian campus of the Observatoire de Paris (built on orders from Colbert and to plans by Claude Perrault from 1667 to 1672). Sessions took place at the ‘Salle du Conseil’ in the historic Perrault building under the portraits of Laplace, Le Verrier, Lalande, Arago, Delambre and Louis XIV.

This book provides an updated understanding of the progress and current problems in the interplay between fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology.