First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

The name of Thomas Stamford Raffles continues to be a mark of prestige in Singapore, more than 200 years after he first established a British factory on the island. Not one but two statues of Raffles stand tall in prominent sites in Singapore's civic and heritage district. Streets and squares are named after him, and important local businesses use the Raffles name. Does Thomas Stamford Raffles deserve this recognition? Should we continue to celebrate him? Or like the image of Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, must Raffles fall?Those exercised by the discussion and debates around Singapore's 2019 Bicentennial should know that the question was considered at length nearly 50 years ago, in Syed Hussein Alatas'  slim but devastating volume Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer? While publication of the work failed to spark a wide debate on Raffles' legacy in 1970s Singapore, it was noticed by Edward Said, who later cited Alatas' essay as one example of works "set themselves the revisionist, critical task of dealing frontally with the metropolitan culture, using the techniques, discourses, and weapons of scholarship and criticism once reserved exclusively for the European."Read nearly 50 years after its original publication, this extended essay on Raffles reads as fresh and relevant. Presented here for a new audience, Schemer or Reformer sets out the key elements of the debate in understanding Raffles' own political philosophy through the record of his actions, not just in Singapore, but in Southeast Asia in the years just before and after Singapore's foundation. A new introduction by Syed Farid Alatas assesses contemporary Singapore's take on Raffles, and how far we have or have not come in thinking through Singapore's colonial legacy.

More than two hundred years after Thomas Stamford Raffles established a British factory on the island of Singapore, he continues to be a towering figure in the nation. Not one but two statues of Raffles stand prominently in Singapore’s civic and heritage district, streets and squares are named after him, and important local businesses use his name. But does Raffles deserve this recognition? Should he continue to be celebrated—or like Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, must Raffles fall?   This is not a new question—in fact, it was considered at length as far back as 1971, in Syed Hussein Alatas’s slim but devastating volume Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer?. While the book failed to spark a wide debate on Raffles’s legacy in 1970s Singapore, nearly 50 years after its original publication this powerful work feels wholly fresh and relevant. This edition features a new introduction by Syed Farid Alatas assessing contemporary Singapore’s take on Raffles, and how far we have, or have not, come in thinking through Singapore’s colonial legacy.

First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

First published in 1977. During a time of reflection after the author’s withdrawal from active politics after four years of effort in Malaysia to promote an alternative to the present government this book was written. His experience as the national chairman of an opposition party, between 1968 and 1971, and presence in the Malaysian Senate in 1971 brought him face to face with problems that were in many ways generated by the type of elites ruling the country and circumstances.

The name of Thomas Stamford Raffles continues to be a mark of prestige in Singapore, more than 200 years after he first established a British factory on the island. Not one but two statues of Raffles stand tall in prominent sites in Singapore's civic and heritage district. Streets and squares are named after him, and important local businesses use the Raffles name. Does Thomas Stamford Raffles deserve this recognition? Should we continue to celebrate him? Or like the image of Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, must Raffles fall?Those exercised by the discussion and debates around Singapore's 2019 Bicentennial should know that the question was considered at length nearly 50 years ago, in Syed Hussein Alatas'  slim but devastating volume Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer? While publication of the work failed to spark a wide debate on Raffles' legacy in 1970s Singapore, it was noticed by Edward Said, who later cited Alatas' essay as one example of works "set themselves the revisionist, critical task of dealing frontally with the metropolitan culture, using the techniques, discourses, and weapons of scholarship and criticism once reserved exclusively for the European."Read nearly 50 years after its original publication, this extended essay on Raffles reads as fresh and relevant. Presented here for a new audience, Schemer or Reformer sets out the key elements of the debate in understanding Raffles' own political philosophy through the record of his actions, not just in Singapore, but in Southeast Asia in the years just before and after Singapore's foundation. A new introduction by Syed Farid Alatas assesses contemporary Singapore's take on Raffles, and how far we have or have not come in thinking through Singapore's colonial legacy.

More than two hundred years after Thomas Stamford Raffles established a British factory on the island of Singapore, he continues to be a towering figure in the nation. Not one but two statues of Raffles stand prominently in Singapore’s civic and heritage district, streets and squares are named after him, and important local businesses use his name. But does Raffles deserve this recognition? Should he continue to be celebrated—or like Cecil Rhodes in South Africa, must Raffles fall?   This is not a new question—in fact, it was considered at length as far back as 1971, in Syed Hussein Alatas’s slim but devastating volume Thomas Stamford Raffles: Schemer or Reformer?. While the book failed to spark a wide debate on Raffles’s legacy in 1970s Singapore, nearly 50 years after its original publication this powerful work feels wholly fresh and relevant. This edition features a new introduction by Syed Farid Alatas assessing contemporary Singapore’s take on Raffles, and how far we have, or have not, come in thinking through Singapore’s colonial legacy.