Syed Hussein Alatas, Professor of Malay Studies, University of Singapore

• The Malaysian background - a personal account; intellectuals and their function; Bebalisma; the fools in developing societies; the intellectuals and developing societies; the necessity for intellectuals; the emergence of the intellectuals; backwardness and the intellectuals - the Russian phenomenon and the developing societies; the backward elites and modernisation; science and the backward elites; backward elites and the problem of causation.

Syed Hussein Alatas, Professor of Malay Studies, University of Singapore

• The Malaysian background - a personal account; intellectuals and their function; Bebalisma; the fools in developing societies; the intellectuals and developing societies; the necessity for intellectuals; the emergence of the intellectuals; backwardness and the intellectuals - the Russian phenomenon and the developing societies; the backward elites and modernisation; science and the backward elites; backward elites and the problem of causation.

Syed Hussein Alatas, Professor of Malay Studies, University of Singapore

• The Malaysian background - a personal account; intellectuals and their function; Bebalisma; the fools in developing societies; the intellectuals and developing societies; the necessity for intellectuals; the emergence of the intellectuals; backwardness and the intellectuals - the Russian phenomenon and the developing societies; the backward elites and modernisation; science and the backward elites; backward elites and the problem of causation.