Tom Cummins – författare

In Beyond the Lettered City, the anthropologist Joanne Rappaport and the art historian Tom Cummins examine the colonial imposition of alphabetic and visual literacy on indigenous groups in the northern Andes. They consider how the Andean peoples received, maintained, and subverted the conventions of Spanish literacy, often combining them with their own traditions. Indigenous Andean communities neither used narrative pictorial representation nor had alphabetic or hieroglyphic literacy before the arrival of the Spaniards. To absorb the conventions of Spanish literacy, they had to engage with European symbolic systems. Doing so altered their worldviews and everyday lives, making alphabetic and visual literacy prime tools of colonial domination. Rappaport and Cummins advocate a broad understanding of literacy, including not only reading and writing, but also interpretations of the spoken word, paintings, wax seals, gestures, and urban design. By analyzing secular and religious notarial manuals and dictionaries, urban architecture, religious images, catechisms and sermons, and the vast corpus of administrative documents produced by the colonial authorities and indigenous scribes, they expand Ángel Rama’s concept of the lettered city to encompass many of those who previously would have been considered the least literate.

In Beyond the Lettered City, the anthropologist Joanne Rappaport and the art historian Tom Cummins examine the colonial imposition of alphabetic and visual literacy on indigenous groups in the northern Andes. They consider how the Andean peoples received, maintained, and subverted the conventions of Spanish literacy, often combining them with their own traditions. Indigenous Andean communities neither used narrative pictorial representation nor had alphabetic or hieroglyphic literacy before the arrival of the Spaniards. To absorb the conventions of Spanish literacy, they had to engage with European symbolic systems. Doing so altered their worldviews and everyday lives, making alphabetic and visual literacy prime tools of colonial domination. Rappaport and Cummins advocate a broad understanding of literacy, including not only reading and writing, but also interpretations of the spoken word, paintings, wax seals, gestures, and urban design. By analyzing secular and religious notarial manuals and dictionaries, urban architecture, religious images, catechisms and sermons, and the vast corpus of administrative documents produced by the colonial authorities and indigenous scribes, they expand Ángel Rama’s concept of the lettered city to encompass many of those who previously would have been considered the least literate.

"En este libro Joanne Rappaport y el historiador Tom Cummins estudian la imposición colonial del letramiento alfabético y visual a los grupos indígenas en los Andes septentrionales. Los autores analizan con profundidad cómo los pueblos andinos recibieron y mantuvieron las convenciones del letramiento de España y se subvirtieron a ellas, muchas veces combinándolas con sus propias tradiciones. Las comunidades indígenas de los Andes ni usaban una representación narrativa pictórica ni tenían una escritura alfabética o jeroglífica antes de la llegada de los españoles. Para asimilar las convenciones del letramiento español hubieron de comprometerse con los sistemas de símbolos europeos. Al hacerlo, se alteró su visión del mundo y su vida cotidiana, con lo que el letramiento alfabético y el visual se convirtieron en herramientas primordiales del dominio colonial.Rappaport y Cummins emprenden un camino a un conocimiento profundo del letramiento, teniendo en cuenta no solo la lectura y la escritura, sino también las interpretaciones de la palabra hablada, pinturas, sellos de lacre, gestos y el diseño urbano. Al analizar manuales notariales y diccionarios seculares y religiosos, la arquitectura urbana, imágenes religiosas, catecismos y sermones, así como el vasto corpus de documentos administrativos producidos por las autoridades coloniales y los escribanos indígenas, desarrollan y amplían el concepto de Ángel Rama de la ciudad letrada para cubrir a muchos de aquellos que podrían considerarse los menos alfabetizados.