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Cross-border movement of employees and services creates a very difficult environment for employers – entrepreneurs expanding to foreign markets, which also applies to foreign entrepreneurs expanding their business activities in the territory of the Slovak Republic. In this difficult process associated with international business and trade, the level and quality of labour-law relations in the «host» country of business in question is essential. This quality affects considerably the total production costs of the employer and, accordingly, also his competitiveness in European and global markets. The employer must accept the quality of working conditions of employees according to the national law of the state in which he pursuits business, a fortiori because the employees themselves contribute considerably to these supranational economic processes and they often affect the success of the entrepreneur that employs them.The Slovak Republic has been, since 2004, a Member State of the European Union. It is an open economy, relying, to a great extent, on foreign investments. Many foreign companies operate in the territory of the Slovak Republic and employ a not insignificant part of the economically active population. It must be said that acceptance of minimum labour-law standards in using dependent work is not the same in case of all foreign companies. Many companies do not find it difficult to respect elementary labour-law rules in employing their employees. However, there are also companies that come from a highly cultivated legal environment of their home countries and they employ employees in a way that would not be possible in their own home countries. A part of foreign companies comes to Slovakia from countries with a totally different legal system in comparison to civil law and they find it difficult to come to terms with elementary labour-law rules for protection of employees. Research has shown various types of impermissible interferences with personal privacy of employees, often degrading their human dignity, non-observance of minimum rest periods necessary for recovery of employees, but also application of corporal punishments.This book is addressed primarily to employers doing business in the territory of the Slovak Republic. It should, as a matter of precaution, protect them against significant mistakes in regard to using the labour potential of employees, which could cause them various sanctions. On the other hand, it specifies the scope of legal space within which they can move safely in employing their employees.

Reading the book authored by Miroslava Ožvoldová and František Schauer, there are three main characteristics to remark: science, technology and pedagogy. First of all, the book is a scientific book because it presents concepts and models of Physics. These descriptions include mathematics, formulas, etc. That is, the book can be used a Physics book. These concepts are evaluated and analyzed through remote experiments based on the technology developed in ISES. And finally, the conceptual and methodological efforts are made to improve the science pedagogy, to facilitate the obtaining of learning outcomes by the students.

This book is divided into nine chapters trying to draw attention to the various aspects of the understanding of God, to the question of the individual, the ideal state arrangement, and the question of freedom (free will) as well as of history. Special attention is paid to the issue of cognition, the question of reason and sense, as well as language and the issue of a system in philosophy. The chapters are arranged to show the historical characteristics of the issues with an introduction of the key approach and ideas with references.

What is a self? What is the relation between phenomenal consciousness and the self? What are we talking about when we speak of conscious experience, the self, an inner mental world? In order to answer these questions the author reconsiders the «turn to the self» in contemporary philosophy of mind. The human self is considered as a natural phenomenon open to careful theoretical analysis, empirical and experimental research. The loss of everyday intuitions on the nature of self plays a significantly liberating role in self-understanding and explaining man’s behaviour.

To be confronted with a text can lead us to open our own living world, to its expansion and saturation with something new or even with something else, something unpredictable. What then makes a human a human? Can philosophical hermeneutics say anything about that? It can! «Language is the real centre of a human being… The human is a real, as Aristotle used to say, being who has language» (Hans-Georg Gadamer). What makes a human a human is the fact that internal reflection is performed behind his voice. This is the most original topic of philosophical hermeneutics.

Does God exist? Is it meaningful to speak of the Infinite or the Absolute? What is to be understood by concepts such as soul, spirit, or love? Are religious truths philosophically relevant and philosophically tenable? The reflective critical thinking of philosophy tries to embrace each side of human reality, even the matters and themes which arise out of the religious experience. This auxiliary textbook intends to present several selected topics of the philosophy of religion and it is primarily intended for bachelor students of philosophy.

The coursebook presents Plato and Aristotle as the two most significant and groundbreaking thinkers of European thought from the era of classical Greek philosophy. The author provides prefatory orientation in the labyrinth of their complex thought and sketches their metaphysics, problems of knowledge and ethics. He departs from the fact that both thinkers are similar in striving to overcome problems of their period by localizing the human being into a hierarchical order of beings, which obliges in questions of the possibility of knowledge as well as of the right conduct.

This textbook offers a brief overview of the basic approaches to the scientific scrutiny of religion. To remain uninterested in examining religion is more difficult than examining any other object of research. In relation to issues of religion, we cannot stand as impartial observers, because we are always somehow involved. Therefore, this book emphasizes not only knowledge of religions, but also how to find ways to get closer to impartiality. It offers an overview of topics, questions, and context, rather than a coherent theory.

This textbook offers a brief overview of the main philosophical schools of the two most significant cultures in ancient Asia, from where these thoughts have spread widely – it concerns ancient India and China. Most important philosophical concepts of that region like holistic or ceremonial approach to reality, openness to transcendence, pluralism of opinions, behaviour leading by a sense of harmony are somehow complementary to our prevailing contemporary Western thought. Therefore they can be enriching and balancing for us and our culture.

This book presents an overview of communicative language teaching and testing in Central and Eastern European countries. It focuses on the impact of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment (CEFR) and its model of language use. The author provides a user-friendly introduction to the process of linking local language examinations to the common reference levels of language proficiency in order to encourage local examination providers to assure quality in high-stakes testing. In response to different approaches in language examination development, the book includes some practical samples as well as practical advice on how to improve the effectiveness of the examinations developed and implemented in local contexts.

The landscape is a vital spatial and material frame for our natural and man-made environment and is considered by many stakeholders to be one of the most important aspects of a healthy, enjoyable life. This book deals with the current trends in the theory of the integration of landscape aspects in spatial planning and development processes.The authors discuss the need for integrated land use planning, landscape planning and impact assessment, and explore landscape consideration practice in European countries, with a special focus on Slovakia. Information about landscape decision-making approaches and cases illustrates current practice and lessons from experience, providing baseline material for landscape academic forum, members of the public and professionals in spatial development making: planners, designers, architects, engineers and others.This practice-oriented and up-to-date monograph is a sourcebook and reference guide to key trends, issues of and approaches to sustainable spatial development in European countries.

Left-wing politics in the 21st century faces an internal disruption. In the era of global capitalism, the majority of leftist thinkers refuse neoliberalism with its focus on liberalization, privatization and deregulation. But they diverse on the question of alternatives: there is a division between the anti-globalist and the alter-globalist Left. Cosmopolitanism or patriotism? Liberalism or communitarianism? Particularism or universalism? Global governance or a nation-state? Individualism or collective identites? The author criticizes both right-wing and left-wing liberalism and defends deglobalisation and the return to the communitarian and (inter)nationalist values of the classical socialist Left.

The monograph presents psychological interpretations of the specific reactions of individuals within the perception of attractive human faces. It concentrates on exploring selected attributes of human face that increase its attractiveness. After introducing essential information on the specifics of facial perception and its brain correlates, the monograph presents findings on the effect of symmetry, averageness, proportions, sexually dimorphic features, personality characteristics, or the importance of specific parts of the face to its attractiveness. Based on the results of both foreign and own research, the authors formulate interpretations of why and how the identification and preference of examined characteristics have been developed and maintained by the evolution.

This book presents seven diplomats, seven Slovaks. Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Štefan Osuský, Vladimír S. Hurban, Vladimír M. Palic, Juraj Slávik, Ivan Krno and Ján Papánek. They were also authors, poets, soldiers, politicians, and international lawyers. They represent a selective and subjective sample of Czecho-Slovak diplomats in the fi rst half of the 20th century. The book is focused not only on them as men, but on their stories as well. Their chronicles provide insight into the era, relationships and situations which shaped their actions. These seven lives were linked by common characteristics such as strong national awareness, the fi ght for democracy and Czecho- Slovak statehood, as well as disgust with Nazi and Communist totalitarianism, and firm Lutheran roots. Modern Slovak history, whether viewed internally or in a Central-European or pan-European contexts, underwent dynamic transformation at the beginning of the 20th century.The entire world began to change and Slovaks were no exception. It is only natural for every nation or state to seek the roots of its national identity. As this identity is embodied by the people and personalities who created it, we perceive the past through their lives. It is a privilege that as a small European nation, Slovaks can say that their dignitaries have succeeded worldwide. It is a great honor that their work can be seen in the Treaty of Trianon, the Declaration of the United Nations, the UN Charter, and everywhere where the voice of freedom and democracy was rising.

This publication focuses on the characterization of the Slovak party system and its analysis from the perspective of cleavages and emerging government groups. The monograph also includes a description of the individual types of emerging government coalitions and their politological analysis on the basis of the RILE index (right-left positioning). The said index is used to specify the programmatic differences of the emerging coalition governments and the impact of the development of the party system in Slovakia on their nature in the period from 1990 to 2012. The work is focused on the development trends of the Slovak party system on the background of programmatic heterogeneity of the individual coalition groups and the overall development of the variable tensions in the party system. The categorization of the government groups is based on the positional and programmatic orientation of the parties, which was published in the framework of the international database CMP (Comparative Manifestos Project). The Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) database processes, inter alia, the data relating to the political programs of the parties within the framework of their comprehensive ideological orientation. The Center for Social Research in Berlin thus contains relevant internationally acceptable comparisons of the party systems and their development. The aim of this publication is to characterize the format and type of the party system in Slovakia, its consolidation and the resulting operational problems between the election system and party system. The aim is also to extend the analysis of the Slovak party system to the specification of positional values and programmatic orientation of the parties in Slovakia based on the internationally accepted database and the RILE criteria. The publication also contains the tables with data on the proximity of variable tensions in the party system after each parliamentary elections and the relevant quantification on the RILE scale. The RILE scale will help us assess the programmatic heterogeneity of the government coalitions also in view of the political discourse on this issue. The work will also verify the hypothesis that the programmatic convergence of the parties in the left-right spectrum creates space for the emergence and establishment of extremist and antisystemic parties in the parliamentary establishment.

In Crossroads of Jewish Bratislava, the author identifi es several key junctures that determined the history of Jews in Bratislava between the 19th and 21st centuries, especially in terms of their culture and way of life. The fi rst part of the book (History) provides an overview of historical milestones, with a particular emphasis on the two totalitarian regimes (the Wartime Slovak State and Communist Czechoslovakia 1948–1989). The second part, entitled Dilemmas, examines the current situation of Jewish cemeteries, the consequences of the Holocaust, and the ongoing transformations of Jewish holidays. The author’s research leads to the conclusion that traditional manifestations of Jewish culture are being reshaped by factors of selectiveness, streamlining, and individualisation.

This book describes and analyses many interesting events in the political development of Europe from the Ancient world to the present day and offers opportunities for a comparative approach, which lays emphasis not only on the historical, economic and social context, but also on the spiritual and intellectual heritage of our European culture. «This is not a history of all the pertinent events, major and minor, that have occurred in Europe but rather an essay on the ideas, experiments, successes, and failures of individuals, societies, and states to meet the challenges of human organisation and technological development that define the Europe of today.»Stanislav J. Kirschbaum

The monograph examines the issue of self-harm in adolescents, a high-risk behavior in which individuals intentionally cause themselves harm. Research in this area has produced significant disparities, with experts disagreeing on the definition and methods for identifying self-harm. The specifics of its occurrence, signs, risk and protective factors, and dynamics of development or prognosis are all unclear. The monograph aims to provide basic information on self-harm, its prevalence, and forms, as well as to clarify its formation and retention as a maladaptive coping strategy. Furthermore, it presents unique data from a multi-year research project on a group of adolescents and identifies potential areas for further research.

This collection delves into the conceptual and semantic dissection of aesthetic and moral emotions. It grapples with their definition, scope, function, and structure. Highlighting a range of semantic research methods, the authors also present interdisciplinary studies on emotions like anger, admiration, disgust, guilt, and feelings linked to beauty perception. This book serves as a thematic and methodological gateway to interdisciplinary human emotionality research.

This book compiles analyses of various political and ideological expressions of class struggle within the ruling capitalist class during the mo-nopolistic phase of capitalism, commonly known as imperialism. The authors primarily focus on the post-World War II era. Since 1945, the United States has held a pivotal position, playing a signifi cant role in the class struggle of the monopolistic (imperialist) bourgeoisie. The book examines the different forms and manifestations of this class struggle in relation to the coalition of Eastern European socialist countries, with a particular emphasis on Latin American nations during the Cold War. Using dialectical materialism as their methodological framework, the authors interpret the Cold War as a counter-revolutionary offensive by imperialism against post-war socialism led by the Soviet Union. Simultaneously, they view it as a resistance to national liberation, democracy, and progressive initiatives aimed at eliminating neo-colonialism and promoting non-capitalist social structures.

The book examines the problems of local self-government reform in Ukraine during the period of martial law. The internal focus is on the process of decentralization, which includes all levels of implementation of governmental powers and public initiatives. The external focus is on European integration as defi ned in the Constitution of Ukraine. The relevance of the research is evidenced by the systemic changes in Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy, the processes of decentralization and European integration, as well as the challenges associated with the active phase of Russian aggression. It is argued that a comprehensive political and legal framework needs to be established in order to exploit the potential of the institution of local self-government.The book concludes by emphasizing that the processes of European in-tegration and decentralization of power during the period of martial law represents a priority of the modern state-building phase of Ukraine.

The book delves into the analysis of anger as both a moral and amoral emotion. It investigates whether anger is indeed one of the basic emotions or if it is a social and linguistic construct, denoting a concept associated with the human mind. The author subjects the concept of anger to an analysis of its semantic domains, as well as a conceptual analysis regarding what it signifies and means to us. Anger is analyzed from philosophical-phenomenological perspectives, as well as from the viewpoints of cognitive sciences, evolutionary psychology, and social psychology. The significance of anger in both phylogenetic and ontogenetic development is explored. Through a deeper understanding thereof, avenues toward its better and more effective management are elucidated.