Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America

David Schultz, Hamline University. John R. Vile, Middle Tennessee State University.

• A; ABA; Abington School District v. Schempp (1963); Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977); Abortion; Abrams v. United States (1919); Academic Freedom; ACLU; Actual Malice; ADA; Adamson v. California (1947); Adderley v. Florida (1966); Administrative Searches; Adversarial Versus Inquisitorial Legal Systems; Aggravating and Mitigating Factors in Death Penalty Cases; Agostini v. Felton (1997); Aguilar v. Texas (1964); Aid to Parochial Schools; Airport Searches; Alabama v. Shelton (2002); Alien and Sedition Acts (1798); Alien Tort Claims Act (1789); Allgeyer v. Louisiana (1897); American Bar Association; American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut (1985); American Civil Liberties Union; American Nazi Party; Americans for Democratic Action; Americans United for Separation of Church and State; Amicus Curiae; Amish; Anonymous Political Speech; ANP; Anti-Dial-a-Porn Measures; Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972); Arizona v. Evans (1995); Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (1998); Arraignment; Arrest; Articles of Confederation; Arts and Humanities Funding; Ashcroft, John D. (b. 1942); Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002); Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002); ATCA; Atkins v. Virginia (2002); Attainder, Bill of; Attorney General; Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations; Atwater v. City of Lago Vista (2001); AU; Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990); Automobile Searches; B; Bad-Tendency Test; Bail, Right to; Bailey, F. Lee (b. 1933); Baker v. Carr (1962); Balancing Test; Baldwin, Roger Nash (1884–1991); Barenblatt v. United States (1959); Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc. (1991); Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833); Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977); Batson v. Kentucky (1986); Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952); Berman v. Parker (1954); Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986); Betts v. Brady (1942); Beyond a Reasonable Doubt; Bifurcation; Bigelow v. Virginia (1975); Bill of Attainder; Bill of Rights; Billboards; Birth Control and Contraception; Bivens and Section 1983 Actions; Black, Hugo L. (1886–1971); Blacklisting; Blackmun, Harry A. (1908–1999); Blackstone, William (1723–1780); Blue Laws, or Sunday-Closing Laws; Board of Education v. Earls (2002); Board of Education v. Grumet (1994); Board of Education v. Pico (1982); Board of Regents v. Southworth (2000); Book Banning; Border Searches; Bowers v. Hardwick (1986); Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000); Boycott; Brady Rule; Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (1856–1941); Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969); Branzburg v. Hayes (1972); Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic (1993); Brennan, William J., Jr. (1906–1997); Breyer, Stephen G. (b. 1938); Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925); Buchanan v. Warley (1917); Buck v. Bell (1927); Buckley v. Valeo (1976); Burger, Warren Earl (1907–1995); Burson v. Freeman (1992); Burton, Harold H. (1888–1964); Bus Searches; Bush, George H.W. (b. 1924); C; Calder v. Bull (1798); Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940); Capital Punishment; Captive Audience; Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1870–1938); Carolene Products, Footnote 4 (1938); Carroll v. United States (1925); Carter, Jimmy (b. 1924); Censorship; Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York (1980); Central Intelligence Agency; Chafee, Zechariah, Jr. (1885–1957); Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942); Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837); Chavez v. Martinez (2003); Checks and Balances; Child-Benefit Theory; Child Pornography; Chilling Effect; Christian Roots of Civil Liberties; Christian Science; Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah (1993); CIA; Cipollone v. Liggett Group (1992); Citizenship; City of Boerne v. Flores (1997); City of Erie v. Pap's A.M. (2000); City of Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000); City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994); City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc. (2002); City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986); Civil Disobedience; Civil Disobedience (1849); Civil Law System; Civil Liberties; Civil Rights Cases (1883); Civil War and Civil Liberties; Civilian Control of the Military; Clear and Present Danger; Clemency; Clinton v. Jones (1997); Cloning Human Beings; Cohen v. California (1971); Colegrove v. Green (1946); Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. Federal Election Commission (1996); Commercial Speech; Common Law; Communists; Compelling Governmental Interest; Comstock Acts; Confrontation Clause; Congress and Civil Liberties; Congressional Investigations; Conscientious Objectors; Conservatism; Constitutional Amending Process; Constitutional Amendments; Constitutional Interpretation and Civil Liberties; Constitutionalism; Contempt Powers; Contract, Freedom of; Contracts Clause; Cooley, Thomas McIntyre (1824-1898); Copyright, Patent, and Trademark; Corfield v. Coryell (1823); Corporate Speech; Corrupt Practices Act of 1925; County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union (1989); County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991); Court-Packing Plan; Coy v. Iowa (1988); Creation Science; Cruel and Unusual Punishments; Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990); D; Darrow, Clarence (1857–1938); Death Penalty for the Mentally Retarded; Death-Qualified Juries; Debs, Eugene Victor (1855–1926); Debs, In re (1895); Declaration of Independence; Deep Throat; Democracy and Civil Liberties; Democratic Party; Dennis v. United States (1951); Department of Justice; DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989); Dickerson v. United States (2000); Directed Verdicts; Disability Rights; Discovery; DNA Testing; Doe v. Bolton (1973); DOJ; Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994); Double Jeopardy; Douglas, William O. (1898–1980); Draft Card Mutilation Act of 1965; Drug Kingpin Act; Due Process of Law; Duncan v. Louisiana (1968); E; Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co. (1991); EDPA; Education; Edwards v. California (1941); Edwards v. South Carolina (1963); Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996; Eighth Amendment; Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972); Electronic Eavesdropping; Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004); Elkins v. United States (1960); Ellsworth, Oliver (1745–1807); Ely, John Hart (1938–2003); Emancipation Proclamation; Eminent Domain; Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990); Engel v. Vitale (1962); English Bill of Rights; English-Only Laws; English Roots of Civil Liberties; Enumerated Powers; Equal-Time Rule; Escobedo v. Illinois (1964); Espionage Act of 1917; Establishment Clause; Estes v. Texas (1965); Eugenics; Everson v. Board of Education (1947); Evolution; Evolving Standards of Decency; Ewing v. California (2003); Ex Post Facto Laws; Exclusionary Rule; Executive Orders; F; Fairness Doctrine; Fair-Use Doctrine; Family Rights; FBI; FCC; FECA; Federal Aid to Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Federal Communications Commission; Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation (1978); Federal Conscription Act of 1863; Federal Death Penalty Act; Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971; Federal Election Commission v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee (2001); Federalism; Federalists; Felon Disenfranchisement; Ferguson v. Skrupta (1963); Fifteenth Amendment; Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination; Fighting Words; Fingerprinting; First Amendment; First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978); Flag Burning; Flag Salute; Flast v. Cohen (1968); Fletcher v. Peck (1810); Florida v. J.L. (2000); Ford, Gerald R. (b. 1913); Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Nationalist Movement (1992); Fortas, Abe (1910–1982); Four Freedoms; Fourteenth Amendment; Fourth Amendment; Frankfurter, Felix (1882–1965); Free Exercise Clause; Fricke v. Lynch (1980); Friend of the Court; Frontiero v. Richardson (1973); Fruits of the Poisonous Tree; Fuller, Melville W. (1833–1910); Fundamental Rights; Furman v. Georgia (1972); G; Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985); Gault, In re (1967); Gay Rights; Gideon v. Wainwright (1963); Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (b. 1933); Gitlow v. New York (1925); Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court (1982); Goldberg v. Kelly (1970); Goldberg, Arthur J. (1908–1990); Good Faith Exception; Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001); Grand Jury; Gravity-of-the-Evil Test; Greek Roots of Civil Liberties; Gregg v. Georgia (1976); Griswold v. Connecticut (1965); Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936); Group Libel; H; Habeas Corpus; Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004); Hand, Learned (1872–1961); Harlan, John Marshall (1833–1911); Harmless Error; Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993); Hatch Act; Hate Crimes; Hate Speech; Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984); Haymarket Affair; Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988); Hearing; Hearsay; Herrera v. Collins (1993); Hicklin Test; Hiibel v. Nevada (2004); Hill v. Colorado (2000); Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990); Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841–1935); Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934); Home Schooling; Homeland Security Act; Hoover, J. Edgar (1895–1972); Hostile Audience; Hot Pursuit; House Un-American Activities Committee; Hughes, Charles Evans (1862–1948); Hunter v. Underwood (1985); Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, Inc. (1995); Hurtado v. California (1884); Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell (1988); I; Illinois v. Gates (1983); Immigration Law; Immunity; Implied Powers; In Forma Pauperis Petition; In God We Trust; Incorporation Doctrine; Independent Expenditures; Indian Appropriations Act of 1871; Ineffective Assistance of Counsel; Inevitable-Discovery Doctrine; Initiatives and Referenda; Interest Groups; Intermediate-Level Scrutiny; Internal Revenue Service; Internal Security Act of 1950; International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee (1992); Internet and the World Wide Web; IRS; J; Jackson, Robert H. (1892–1954); Jacobson v. United States (1992); Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826); Jehovah's Witnesses; Jim Crow Laws; Johnson v. Louisiana (1972); Johnson, Frank M., Jr. (1918–1999); Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908–1973); Judicial Review; Jury Nullification; Jury Size; Jury Unanimity; Just Compensation; Juvenile Curfews; Juvenile Death Penalty; Juvenile Justice System; K; Katz v. United States (1967); Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966); Kennedy, Anthony M. (b. 1936); Kevorkian, Jack (b. 1928); Kimel v. Board of Regents (2000); King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968); Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967); Korematsu v. United States (1944); Kunstler, William (1919–1995); Kyllo v. United States (2001); L; Labor Union Rights; Lady Chatterley's Lover; Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District (1993); Land Use; Lawn Signs; Lawrence v. Texas (2003); Lawyer Advertising; Lawyers Defending Civil Liberties; Least-Restrictive-Means Test; Lee v. Weisman (1992); Legal Basis of Public Health; Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez (2001); Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association (1991); Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971); Lemon Test; Libel; Liberalism; Libertarianism; Liberty Versus License; Lie Detector Tests; Lilburne, John (1615–1657); Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865); Living Will; Lochner v. New York (1905); Locke, John (1632–1704); Locke v. Davey (2004); Loving v. Virginia (1967); Loyalty Oaths; Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992); Lynch v. Donnelly (1984); Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988); M; Madison, James (1751–1836); Magna Carta; Maher v. Roe (1977); Mandatory Student Activity Fees; Mann Act; Mapp v. Ohio (1961); Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979); Marketplace of Ideas; Marriage, Right to; Marshall, John (1755–1835); Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993); Martial Law; Massachusetts Body of Liberties; Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (1917); Mayflower Compact; McCardle, Ex parte (1868); McCarran Act; McCarthy, Joseph (1908–1957); McCarthyism; McCleskey v. Kemp (1987); McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (2003); McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995); Members of City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984); Metro Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (1990); Meyer v. Nebraska (1923); Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974); Michael H. v. Gerald D. (1989); Military Commissions; Military Surveillance of Civilians; Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873); Miller Test; Miller v. California (1973); Milligan, Ex parte (1866); Milton, John (1608–1674); Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940); Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993); Minor Political Parties; Miranda v. Arizona (1966); Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982); Montesquieu, Baron of (1689–1755); Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977); Mormons; Movie Treatments of Civil Liberties; Muller v. Oregon (1908); Murphy, Frank (1890–1949); Music Censorship; N; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson (1958); National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998); National Firearms Act of 1934; National League of Cities v. Usery (1976); National Organization for Women v. Scheidler (1994); Natural Law; Natural Rights; Naturalization; Near v. Minnesota (1931); Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart (1976); Negative and Positive Liberties; New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964); New York Times Co. v. United States (1971); New York v. Ferber (1982); Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000); Nixon, Richard M. (1913–1994); Noise, Freedom from; No-Knock Warrant; Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987); Northwest Ordinance; Nude Dancing; O; Oaths of Office; Obscenity; O'Connor, Sandra Day (b. 1930); Oklahoma City Bombing; Olmstead v. United States (1928); Open-Fields Exception; Original Intent; Original Jurisdiction; Orwell, George (1903–1950); Overbreadth Doctrine; Overturning Supreme Court Decisions; P; Palko v. Connecticut (1937); Palmer Raids; Parental Rights; Parents Music Resource Center; Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973); Patents; Patriot Act; Payne v. Tennessee (1991); Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978); Penn, William (1644–1718); Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon (1922); Pennsylvania v. Mimms (1977); Pennsylvania v. Nelson (1956); Personhood; Petition of Right; Physician-Assisted Suicide; Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925); Plain-Sight Doctrine; Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992); Plea Bargaining; Police Brutality; Police Power; Police, Restrictions on; Political Parties; Political Patronage; Political-Question Doctrine; Polygamy; Pornography; Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986); Posse Comitatus; Powell v. Alabama (1932); Prayer in Schools; Precedent; Preemption; Preferred-Freedoms Doctrine; President and Civil Liberties; Presidential Debates; Preventive Detention; Prison Litigation Reform Act; Prisoners' Rights; Probation; Probationer Rights; Procedural Due Process; Prohibition; Property Rights; Proportionality of Sentences; Prosecutorial Misconduct; Public-Danger Exception; Public Defenders; Public Forum; Publicity Act of 1910; Pure-Speech Doctrine; Putney Debates; Q; Quakers; Quarantines; Quinlan, In re (1976); Quirin, Ex parte (1942); R; R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992); Racial Profiling; Random Drug Testing; Rankin v. McPherson (1987); Rasul v. Bush (2004); Rational-Basis Test; Red Baiting; Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commission (1969); Red Scare (1919–1920); Rehnquist, William Hubbs (b. 1924); Release-Time Program; Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993; Religious Holidays; Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000; Religious Symbols and Displays; Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997); Reply, Right to; Republican Party; Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002); Reynolds v. United States (1878); Richardson v. Ramirez (1974); Right of Confrontation; Right of School Boards to Ban Books; Right of Unmarried People to Live Together; Right to Appeal; Right to Counsel; Right to Die; Right to Education; Right to Petition; Right to Privacy; Right to Travel; Right to Vote; Rights of Aliens; Rights of Minors; Rights of Witnesses; Ring v. Arizona (2002); Ripeness; Rivera, Diego (1886–1957); Roadblocks; Rochin v. California (1952); Roe v. Wade (1973); Romer v. Evans (1996); Rosenberg, Ethel (1915–1953) and Julius (1918–1953); Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995); Rostker v. Goldberg (1981); Roth Test; Rust v. Sullivan (1991); S; San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973); Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000); Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania (2003); Scales v. United States (1961); Scalia, Antonin G. (b. 1936); Schenck v. United States (1919); Schlup v. Delo (1995); Schmerber v. California (1966); Scopes v. State of Tennessee (1927); Search; Search Incident to Arrest; Search of Student Lockers; Search Warrants; Second Amendment; Section 1983 Actions; Sedition Act of 1918; Seditious Libel; Seizure; Selective Incorporation; Self-incrimination; Sell v. United States (2003); Separation of Church and State; Seven Dirty Words; Seventeenth Amendment; Seventh Amendment; Sexual Harassment; Shapiro v. Thompson (1969); Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966); Sherbert v. Verner (1963); Sixth Amendment; Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942); Slander; Slaughterhouse Cases (1873); Smith Act Cases; Smith v. Collin (1978); Solicitor General; Souter, David H. (b. 1939); Special-Needs Doctrine; Speedy Trial, Right to; Standing; Stanley v. Georgia (1969); State Action; State Bills of Rights; State Constitutional Rights; State Courts; Statute of Limitations; Stevens, John Paul (b. 1920); Stewart, Potter (1915–1985); Stone v. Graham (1980); Stone, Harlan Fiske (1872–1946); Stop-and-Frisk; Story, Joseph (1779–1845); Strickland v. Washington (1984); Strict Scrutiny; Strikes and Arbitration; Stromberg v. California (1931); Student Newspapers; Student Rights; Student Searches; Subpoena; Substantive Due Process; Subversive Speech; Suicide; Summary Judgment; Suspect Classifications; Symbolic Speech; T; Taft, William Howard (1857–1930); Takings Clause; Taney, Roger Brooke (1777–1864); Taxation and Civil Liberties; Ten Commandments: Posting; Terry v. Ohio (1968); Texas v. Johnson (1989); Third Amendment; Thomas, Clarence (b. 1948); Thoreau, Henry David; Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986); Three-Strikes Laws; Tillman Act of 1907; Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions; Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (1997); Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969); Tolerance; Torture; Totality-of-Circumstances Test; Trademark; Transgender Legal Issues in the United States; Treason; Trial by Jury; Trop v. Dulles (1957); Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819); Twenty-sixth Amendment; Tyranny of the Majority; U; United States Constitution; United States Court System; United States Supreme Court; United States v. American Library Association, Inc. (2003); United States v. Drayton (2002); United States v. Eichman (1990); United States v. Kirschenblatt (1926); United States v. Leon (1984); United States v. National Treasury Employees Union (1995); United States v. O'Brien (1968); United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000); United States v. The Progressive, Inc. (1979); United States v. Santana (1976); United States v. Sokolow (1989); United States v. United States District Court (1972); USA Patriot Act; V; Vagueness; V-Chip; Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995); Vested Rights; Victim-Impact Statement; Victimless Crimes; Victims' Rights; Vietnam War; Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974); Vinson, Frederick Moore (1890–1953); Violence Against Women Act; Virginia Declaration of Rights; Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc. (1976); Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom; Virginia v. Black (2003); Voir Dire; Volstead Act; Vulgar Speech; W; Waite, Morrison Remick (1816–1888); Wallace v. Jaffree (1985); War on Drugs; War Powers Act; Warren, Earl (1891–1974); Washington v. Glucksberg (1997); Watkins v. United States (1957); Web; Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989); Weeks v. United States (1914); Welsh v. United States (1970); West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1943); White, Byron R. (1917–2002); Whitney v. California (1927); Widmar v. Vincent (1981); Wiggins v. Smith (2003); Williams, Edward Bennett (1920–1988); Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924); Wiretapping; Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993); Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972); Wolf v. Colorado (1949); World War I; World War II; Write-in Votes; Writs of Certiorari; Y; Yates v. United States (1957); Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc. (1976); Z; Zablocki v. Redhail (1978); Zadvydas v. Davis (2001); Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002); Zenger, John Peter (1697–1746); Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993); Zoning; Zorach v. Clauson (1952); Zurcher v. Stanford Daily News (1978); Magna Carta (1215); The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776); The Declaration of Independence (1776); Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (1781); The Constitution of the United States (1788); The Bill of Rights (1789); Chronology