Vicki C. Jackson is the Thurgood Marshall Professor of Constitutional law at Harvard Law School, Harvard University, USAMila Versteeg is the Martha Lubin Karsh and Bruce A. Karsh Bicentennial Professor of Law at the School of Law, University of Virginia, USA

Select Guide Rating

• Volume I:Constitutions and Constitutionalism Part 1. Why a Constitution?1. Cass R. Sunstein, extract from ‘Constitutionalism and Secession’, University of Chicago Law Review, 58, 2, 1991, 636-643.2. Jon Elster, extract from ‘Ulysses Unbound: Constitutions as Constraints’, in Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment and Constraints, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 88-96, 99-104, 115-118, 129-174.3. Stephen Holmes, ‘The Constitution of Sovereignty in Jean Bodin’, in Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy, (University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 100-133.4. Russell Hardin, ‘Why A Constitution?’, in Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 51-72.5. Qianfan Zhang, ‘A Constitution Without Constitutionalism? The Paths of Constitutional Development in China’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 4, 2010, 950-976.Part 2. Constitutionalism or Constitutionalisms?6. Louis Henkin, ‘Elements of Constitutionalism’, The Review: International Commission of Jurists, 60, 1998, 11-22.7. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘Authoritarian Constitutionalism’, Cornell Law Review, 100, 2015, 397-421, 448-460. 8. Roberto Gargarella, ‘Latin American Constitutionalism: Social Rights and the "Engine Room" of the Constitution’, Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4, 2014, 9-18.9. Jeremy Waldron, ‘Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View’, in Political Theory: Essays on Institutions, (Harvard University Press, 2016), pp. 23-44. Part 3. Constitutional Law as Distinctive? 10. Bruce Ackerman, ‘Constitutionalizing Revolution’, in The Future of Liberal Revolution, (Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 46-68.11. N. W. Barber, ‘The State and its Constitution’, in The Constitutional State (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 75-88.12. Walter F. Murphy, ‘Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 3-25.Part 4. How Does a Constitution Relate to Society?13. Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, ‘Constitutional Identity’, The Review of Politics, 68, 2006, 361-397. 14. H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo, ‘Constitutions without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Political Paradox’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 65-82.Volume II: Constitution-Making, Methodology, and Interpretation Part 5. Constitution-Making 15. Vivien Hart, ‘Democratic Constitution Making’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report 2, 2003.16. Jon Elster, ‘Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process’, Duke Law Journal, 45, 1995, 364-396.17. Tom Ginsburg, Zachary Elkins and Justin Blount, ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 2009, 201-223.18. David Landau, extract from ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’, University of California Davis Law Review, 47, 2013, 191-203, 259-260.19. Kim Lane Scheppele, ‘On the Unconstitutionality of Constitutional Change: An Essay in Honor of Laìszloì Soìlyom’, in Csehi Zoltan et al (eds), Viva vox iuris civilis: tanulmaìnyok Soìlyom Laìszloì 287 (Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012), pp. 286-310.Part 6. Is there a Methodology of Comparative Constitutional Law?20. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘The Possibilities of Comparative Constitutional Law’, Yale Law Journal, 108, 1999, 1225-1242, 1257-1301, 1303-1306.21. Ran Hirschl, ‘The Question of Case Selection in Comparative Constitutional Law’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 53, 2005, 125-155.22. David S. Law, ‘Constitutions’, in Peter Cane and Herbert M. Kritzer (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research, (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 376-398. 23. Theunis Roux, ‘Comparative Constitutional Studies: Two Fields or One?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 2017, 123-139. 24. Vicki Jackson, ‘Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies’, in Michel Rosenfeld and András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 54-74. 25. David S. Law and Mila Versteeg, ‘The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism’, California Law Review, 99, 2011, 1163-1164, 1171-1202, 1246-1249.26. Günter Frankenberg, ‘Constitutional Transfers: the IKEA Theory Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 2010, 563-579. 27. Vicki C. Jackson, ‘Constitutional Comparisons: Convergence, Resistance, Engagement’, Harvard Law Review, 109, 2005, 109-128.Part 7. Interpretive Methodology: Proportionality, Legalism, Originalism, Purposivism7.1 Proportionality28. Robert Alexy, ‘Constitutional Rights, Balancing, and Rationality’, Ration Juris, 16, 2003, 131-140.29. Grégoire C. N. Webber, ‘Challenging the Age of Balancing’, in The Negotiable Constitution, (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 87-115. 7.2 Purposivism30. Aharon Barak, ‘Constitutional Interpretation’, in Purposive Interpretation in Law (trans. Sari Bashi), (Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 370-393.7.3 Legalism31. Jeffrey Goldsworthy, extract from ‘Australia: Devotion to Legalism’, in Jeffrey Goldsworthy (ed.), Interpreting Constitutions: A Comparative Study, (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 114-136, 141-160.Volume III: Government Structures and Frameworks Part 8. Separation of Powers32. Charles Manga Fombad and Enyinna Nwauche, ‘Africa’s Imperial Presidents: Immunity, Impunity and Accountability’, African Journal of Legal Studies, 5, 2012, 91-118.33. Bruce Ackerman, extract from ‘The New Separation of Powers’, Harvard Law Review, 113, 2000, 643-671, 690-697, 716-722.34. Charles Fombad, ‘The Diffusion of South African-Style Institutions? A Study in Comparative Constitutionalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Theunis Roux (eds) Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments: A Critical Assessment of the 1996 South African Constitution’s Local And International Influence (Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 359-366 & 370-387. Part 9. Federalism and Consociationalism35. Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutional Arrangements of Federal Systems’, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 25, 1995, 61-79.36. Sujit Choudhry and Nathan Hume, ‘Federalism, Devolution and Secession: From Classical to Post-conflict Federalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 356-384.37. Canadian Secession Reference Case, Supreme Court of Canada, Part III.A, 1998Part 10. Judicial Review38. Tom Ginsburg, ‘Why Judicial Review?’, in Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 21-33.39. Mauro Cappelletti, ‘Judicial Review in Comparative Perspective’, in The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective, (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 117-149. 40. Wojciech Sadurski, ‘Judicial Review and the Protection of Constitutional Rights’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 2002, 275-299.41. Stephen Gardbaum, ‘The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 49, 2001, 707-760.Part 11. Amendment Rules42. Donald S. Lutz, ‘Toward A Theory of Constitutional Amendment’, American Political Science Review, 88, 1994, 355-370.43. Madhav Khosla, ‘Constitutional Amendment’, in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 232-25044. Joel Colón-Ríos, ‘Introduction: The Forms and Limits of Constitutional Amendments’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 13, 2015, 567-574Part 12. Legal Traditions45. Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutions Embedded in Different Legal Systems’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), pp. 21-32 46. Katharina Pistor, ‘The Demand for Constitutional Law’, Constitutional Political Economy, 13, 2002, 73-87.Volume IV: Constitutional Rights Part 13. "A Culture of Justification" and Competing Perspectives on Rights Adjudication47. Etienne Mureinik, ‘A Bridge to Where? Introducing the Interim Bill of Rights’, South African Journal on Human Rights, 10, 1994, 31-48.48. Ronald Dworkin, extract from Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, (Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 7-19; 29-35; 92-104.49. Jeremy Waldron, ‘The Constitutional Conception of Democracy’, in Law and Disagreement, (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 282-312.Part 14. Democratic Rights; Freedoms of Expression, Association and of the Press50. Richard H. Pildes, ‘Elections’, in Michel Rosenfeld & András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 529-544. 51. Jan-Werner Müller, ‘Protecting Popular Self-government from the People? New Normative Perspectives on Militant Democracy’, Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 2016, 249-265.52. Adrienne Stone, ‘The Comparative Constitutional Law of Freedom of Expression’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 406-421.53. Dieter Grimm, ‘Freedom of Speech in a Globalized World’, in Ivan Hare and James Weinstein (eds), Extreme Speech and Democracy, (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 11-22.54. Frederick Schauer, ‘Freedom of Expression Adjudication in Europe and the US: A Case Study in Comparative Architecture’, and Lorraine Weinrib and Winfried Brugger, ‘Comment’, in George Nolte (ed.), European and US Constitutionalism, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 49-82.Part 15. Dignity, Equality and Liberty Rights55. Catharine A. MacKinnon, ‘Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination’, in Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, (Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 32-45.56. Ruth Rubio-Marín and Wen-Chen Chang, ‘Sites of Constitutional Struggle for Women’s Equality’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), 301-312. 57. Helen Irving, ‘Framework’, Gender and the Constitution: Equity and Agency in Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 23-37. 58. Margit Cohn and Dieter Grimm, ‘"Human Dignity" as a Constitutional Doctrine’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 193-203.59. Christopher McCrudden, extract from ‘Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights’, European Journal of International Law, 19, 2008, 655, 672-81, 684-85, 699-705, 712-19.60. Susanne Baer, extract from ‘Dignity, Liberty, Equality: A Fundamental Rights Triangle of Constitutionalism’, University of Toronto Law Journal, 59, 2009, 418-424, 462-468.Part 16. Procedural Rights: Access to Courts, Rights to Hearings, and Particular Procedures61. Máximo Langer and Kent Roach, ‘Rights in the Criminal Process: A Case Study of Convergence and Disclosure Rights’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 273-283.62. Judith Resnik, extract from ‘A2J/A2K: Access to Justice, Access to Knowledge, and Economic Inequalities in Open Courts and Arbitrations’, North Carolina Law Review, 96, 2018, 614-618.63. Yuval Eylon and Alon Harel, ‘The Right to Judicial Review’, Virginia Law Review, 92, 2006, 991-1022.Part 17. Religion64. Ayelet Shachar, ‘Religion, State, and the Problem of Gender: New Modes of Citizenship and Governance in Diverse Societies’, McGill Law Journal, 50, 2005, 55-73, 78-86.65. W. Cole Durham, Jr., ‘Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework’, in Johan D. van der Vyer and John Witte, Jr. (eds). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, (Kluwer Law International, 1996), pp. 1-36. Part 18. Social Rights66. Mark Tushnet, extract from Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law (Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 227-228, 237-241, 258-261.67. Katharine G. Young and Julieta Lemaitre, ‘The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 26, 2013, 179-216.68. Rosalind Dixon, ‘Creating Dialogue about Socioeconomic Rights: Strong-form versus Weak-form Judicial Review Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5, 2007, pp. 391-418.

Vicki C. Jackson is the Thurgood Marshall Professor of Constitutional law at Harvard Law School, Harvard University, USAMila Versteeg is the Martha Lubin Karsh and Bruce A. Karsh Bicentennial Professor of Law at the School of Law, University of Virginia, USA

Select Guide Rating

• Volume I:Constitutions and Constitutionalism Part 1. Why a Constitution?1. Cass R. Sunstein, extract from ‘Constitutionalism and Secession’, University of Chicago Law Review, 58, 2, 1991, 636-643.2. Jon Elster, extract from ‘Ulysses Unbound: Constitutions as Constraints’, in Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment and Constraints, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 88-96, 99-104, 115-118, 129-174.3. Stephen Holmes, ‘The Constitution of Sovereignty in Jean Bodin’, in Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy, (University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 100-133.4. Russell Hardin, ‘Why A Constitution?’, in Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 51-72.5. Qianfan Zhang, ‘A Constitution Without Constitutionalism? The Paths of Constitutional Development in China’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 4, 2010, 950-976.Part 2. Constitutionalism or Constitutionalisms?6. Louis Henkin, ‘Elements of Constitutionalism’, The Review: International Commission of Jurists, 60, 1998, 11-22.7. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘Authoritarian Constitutionalism’, Cornell Law Review, 100, 2015, 397-421, 448-460. 8. Roberto Gargarella, ‘Latin American Constitutionalism: Social Rights and the "Engine Room" of the Constitution’, Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4, 2014, 9-18.9. Jeremy Waldron, ‘Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View’, in Political Theory: Essays on Institutions, (Harvard University Press, 2016), pp. 23-44. Part 3. Constitutional Law as Distinctive? 10. Bruce Ackerman, ‘Constitutionalizing Revolution’, in The Future of Liberal Revolution, (Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 46-68.11. N. W. Barber, ‘The State and its Constitution’, in The Constitutional State (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 75-88.12. Walter F. Murphy, ‘Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 3-25.Part 4. How Does a Constitution Relate to Society?13. Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, ‘Constitutional Identity’, The Review of Politics, 68, 2006, 361-397. 14. H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo, ‘Constitutions without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Political Paradox’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 65-82.Volume II: Constitution-Making, Methodology, and Interpretation Part 5. Constitution-Making 15. Vivien Hart, ‘Democratic Constitution Making’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report 2, 2003.16. Jon Elster, ‘Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process’, Duke Law Journal, 45, 1995, 364-396.17. Tom Ginsburg, Zachary Elkins and Justin Blount, ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 2009, 201-223.18. David Landau, extract from ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’, University of California Davis Law Review, 47, 2013, 191-203, 259-260.19. Kim Lane Scheppele, ‘On the Unconstitutionality of Constitutional Change: An Essay in Honor of Laìszloì Soìlyom’, in Csehi Zoltan et al (eds), Viva vox iuris civilis: tanulmaìnyok Soìlyom Laìszloì 287 (Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012), pp. 286-310.Part 6. Is there a Methodology of Comparative Constitutional Law?20. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘The Possibilities of Comparative Constitutional Law’, Yale Law Journal, 108, 1999, 1225-1242, 1257-1301, 1303-1306.21. Ran Hirschl, ‘The Question of Case Selection in Comparative Constitutional Law’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 53, 2005, 125-155.22. David S. Law, ‘Constitutions’, in Peter Cane and Herbert M. Kritzer (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research, (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 376-398. 23. Theunis Roux, ‘Comparative Constitutional Studies: Two Fields or One?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 2017, 123-139. 24. Vicki Jackson, ‘Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies’, in Michel Rosenfeld and András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 54-74. 25. David S. Law and Mila Versteeg, ‘The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism’, California Law Review, 99, 2011, 1163-1164, 1171-1202, 1246-1249.26. Günter Frankenberg, ‘Constitutional Transfers: the IKEA Theory Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 2010, 563-579. 27. Vicki C. Jackson, ‘Constitutional Comparisons: Convergence, Resistance, Engagement’, Harvard Law Review, 109, 2005, 109-128.Part 7. Interpretive Methodology: Proportionality, Legalism, Originalism, Purposivism7.1 Proportionality28. Robert Alexy, ‘Constitutional Rights, Balancing, and Rationality’, Ration Juris, 16, 2003, 131-140.29. Grégoire C. N. Webber, ‘Challenging the Age of Balancing’, in The Negotiable Constitution, (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 87-115. 7.2 Purposivism30. Aharon Barak, ‘Constitutional Interpretation’, in Purposive Interpretation in Law (trans. Sari Bashi), (Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 370-393.7.3 Legalism31. Jeffrey Goldsworthy, extract from ‘Australia: Devotion to Legalism’, in Jeffrey Goldsworthy (ed.), Interpreting Constitutions: A Comparative Study, (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 114-136, 141-160.Volume III: Government Structures and Frameworks Part 8. Separation of Powers32. Charles Manga Fombad and Enyinna Nwauche, ‘Africa’s Imperial Presidents: Immunity, Impunity and Accountability’, African Journal of Legal Studies, 5, 2012, 91-118.33. Bruce Ackerman, extract from ‘The New Separation of Powers’, Harvard Law Review, 113, 2000, 643-671, 690-697, 716-722.34. Charles Fombad, ‘The Diffusion of South African-Style Institutions? A Study in Comparative Constitutionalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Theunis Roux (eds) Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments: A Critical Assessment of the 1996 South African Constitution’s Local And International Influence (Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 359-366 & 370-387. Part 9. Federalism and Consociationalism35. Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutional Arrangements of Federal Systems’, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 25, 1995, 61-79.36. Sujit Choudhry and Nathan Hume, ‘Federalism, Devolution and Secession: From Classical to Post-conflict Federalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 356-384.37. Canadian Secession Reference Case, Supreme Court of Canada, Part III.A, 1998Part 10. Judicial Review38. Tom Ginsburg, ‘Why Judicial Review?’, in Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 21-33.39. Mauro Cappelletti, ‘Judicial Review in Comparative Perspective’, in The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective, (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 117-149. 40. Wojciech Sadurski, ‘Judicial Review and the Protection of Constitutional Rights’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 2002, 275-299.41. Stephen Gardbaum, ‘The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 49, 2001, 707-760.Part 11. Amendment Rules42. Donald S. Lutz, ‘Toward A Theory of Constitutional Amendment’, American Political Science Review, 88, 1994, 355-370.43. Madhav Khosla, ‘Constitutional Amendment’, in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 232-25044. Joel Colón-Ríos, ‘Introduction: The Forms and Limits of Constitutional Amendments’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 13, 2015, 567-574Part 12. Legal Traditions45. Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutions Embedded in Different Legal Systems’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), pp. 21-32 46. Katharina Pistor, ‘The Demand for Constitutional Law’, Constitutional Political Economy, 13, 2002, 73-87.Volume IV: Constitutional Rights Part 13. "A Culture of Justification" and Competing Perspectives on Rights Adjudication47. Etienne Mureinik, ‘A Bridge to Where? Introducing the Interim Bill of Rights’, South African Journal on Human Rights, 10, 1994, 31-48.48. Ronald Dworkin, extract from Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, (Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 7-19; 29-35; 92-104.49. Jeremy Waldron, ‘The Constitutional Conception of Democracy’, in Law and Disagreement, (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 282-312.Part 14. Democratic Rights; Freedoms of Expression, Association and of the Press50. Richard H. Pildes, ‘Elections’, in Michel Rosenfeld & András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 529-544. 51. Jan-Werner Müller, ‘Protecting Popular Self-government from the People? New Normative Perspectives on Militant Democracy’, Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 2016, 249-265.52. Adrienne Stone, ‘The Comparative Constitutional Law of Freedom of Expression’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 406-421.53. Dieter Grimm, ‘Freedom of Speech in a Globalized World’, in Ivan Hare and James Weinstein (eds), Extreme Speech and Democracy, (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 11-22.54. Frederick Schauer, ‘Freedom of Expression Adjudication in Europe and the US: A Case Study in Comparative Architecture’, and Lorraine Weinrib and Winfried Brugger, ‘Comment’, in George Nolte (ed.), European and US Constitutionalism, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 49-82.Part 15. Dignity, Equality and Liberty Rights55. Catharine A. MacKinnon, ‘Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination’, in Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, (Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 32-45.56. Ruth Rubio-Marín and Wen-Chen Chang, ‘Sites of Constitutional Struggle for Women’s Equality’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), 301-312. 57. Helen Irving, ‘Framework’, Gender and the Constitution: Equity and Agency in Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 23-37. 58. Margit Cohn and Dieter Grimm, ‘"Human Dignity" as a Constitutional Doctrine’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 193-203.59. Christopher McCrudden, extract from ‘Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights’, European Journal of International Law, 19, 2008, 655, 672-81, 684-85, 699-705, 712-19.60. Susanne Baer, extract from ‘Dignity, Liberty, Equality: A Fundamental Rights Triangle of Constitutionalism’, University of Toronto Law Journal, 59, 2009, 418-424, 462-468.Part 16. Procedural Rights: Access to Courts, Rights to Hearings, and Particular Procedures61. Máximo Langer and Kent Roach, ‘Rights in the Criminal Process: A Case Study of Convergence and Disclosure Rights’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 273-283.62. Judith Resnik, extract from ‘A2J/A2K: Access to Justice, Access to Knowledge, and Economic Inequalities in Open Courts and Arbitrations’, North Carolina Law Review, 96, 2018, 614-618.63. Yuval Eylon and Alon Harel, ‘The Right to Judicial Review’, Virginia Law Review, 92, 2006, 991-1022.Part 17. Religion64. Ayelet Shachar, ‘Religion, State, and the Problem of Gender: New Modes of Citizenship and Governance in Diverse Societies’, McGill Law Journal, 50, 2005, 55-73, 78-86.65. W. Cole Durham, Jr., ‘Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework’, in Johan D. van der Vyer and John Witte, Jr. (eds). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, (Kluwer Law International, 1996), pp. 1-36. Part 18. Social Rights66. Mark Tushnet, extract from Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law (Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 227-228, 237-241, 258-261.67. Katharine G. Young and Julieta Lemaitre, ‘The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 26, 2013, 179-216.68. Rosalind Dixon, ‘Creating Dialogue about Socioeconomic Rights: Strong-form versus Weak-form Judicial Review Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5, 2007, pp. 391-418.

Vicki C. Jackson is the Thurgood Marshall Professor of Constitutional law at Harvard Law School, Harvard University, USAMila Versteeg is the Martha Lubin Karsh and Bruce A. Karsh Bicentennial Professor of Law at the School of Law, University of Virginia, USA

Select Guide Rating

• Volume I:Constitutions and Constitutionalism Part 1. Why a Constitution?1. Cass R. Sunstein, extract from ‘Constitutionalism and Secession’, University of Chicago Law Review, 58, 2, 1991, 636-643.2. Jon Elster, extract from ‘Ulysses Unbound: Constitutions as Constraints’, in Ulysses Unbound: Studies in Rationality, Precommitment and Constraints, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 88-96, 99-104, 115-118, 129-174.3. Stephen Holmes, ‘The Constitution of Sovereignty in Jean Bodin’, in Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy, (University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 100-133.4. Russell Hardin, ‘Why A Constitution?’, in Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (eds), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 51-72.5. Qianfan Zhang, ‘A Constitution Without Constitutionalism? The Paths of Constitutional Development in China’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 4, 2010, 950-976.Part 2. Constitutionalism or Constitutionalisms?6. Louis Henkin, ‘Elements of Constitutionalism’, The Review: International Commission of Jurists, 60, 1998, 11-22.7. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘Authoritarian Constitutionalism’, Cornell Law Review, 100, 2015, 397-421, 448-460. 8. Roberto Gargarella, ‘Latin American Constitutionalism: Social Rights and the "Engine Room" of the Constitution’, Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4, 2014, 9-18.9. Jeremy Waldron, ‘Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View’, in Political Theory: Essays on Institutions, (Harvard University Press, 2016), pp. 23-44. Part 3. Constitutional Law as Distinctive? 10. Bruce Ackerman, ‘Constitutionalizing Revolution’, in The Future of Liberal Revolution, (Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 46-68.11. N. W. Barber, ‘The State and its Constitution’, in The Constitutional State (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 75-88.12. Walter F. Murphy, ‘Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 3-25.Part 4. How Does a Constitution Relate to Society?13. Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, ‘Constitutional Identity’, The Review of Politics, 68, 2006, 361-397. 14. H. W. O. Okoth-Ogendo, ‘Constitutions without Constitutionalism: Reflections on an African Political Paradox’, in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero and Steven C. Wheatley (eds), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 65-82.Volume II: Constitution-Making, Methodology, and Interpretation Part 5. Constitution-Making 15. Vivien Hart, ‘Democratic Constitution Making’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report 2, 2003.16. Jon Elster, ‘Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process’, Duke Law Journal, 45, 1995, 364-396.17. Tom Ginsburg, Zachary Elkins and Justin Blount, ‘Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 2009, 201-223.18. David Landau, extract from ‘Abusive Constitutionalism’, University of California Davis Law Review, 47, 2013, 191-203, 259-260.19. Kim Lane Scheppele, ‘On the Unconstitutionality of Constitutional Change: An Essay in Honor of Laìszloì Soìlyom’, in Csehi Zoltan et al (eds), Viva vox iuris civilis: tanulmaìnyok Soìlyom Laìszloì 287 (Szent Istvan Tarsulat, 2012), pp. 286-310.Part 6. Is there a Methodology of Comparative Constitutional Law?20. Mark Tushnet, extract from ‘The Possibilities of Comparative Constitutional Law’, Yale Law Journal, 108, 1999, 1225-1242, 1257-1301, 1303-1306.21. Ran Hirschl, ‘The Question of Case Selection in Comparative Constitutional Law’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 53, 2005, 125-155.22. David S. Law, ‘Constitutions’, in Peter Cane and Herbert M. Kritzer (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research, (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 376-398. 23. Theunis Roux, ‘Comparative Constitutional Studies: Two Fields or One?’, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13, 2017, 123-139. 24. Vicki Jackson, ‘Comparative Constitutional Law: Methodologies’, in Michel Rosenfeld and András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 54-74. 25. David S. Law and Mila Versteeg, ‘The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism’, California Law Review, 99, 2011, 1163-1164, 1171-1202, 1246-1249.26. Günter Frankenberg, ‘Constitutional Transfers: the IKEA Theory Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 8, 2010, 563-579. 27. Vicki C. Jackson, ‘Constitutional Comparisons: Convergence, Resistance, Engagement’, Harvard Law Review, 109, 2005, 109-128.Part 7. Interpretive Methodology: Proportionality, Legalism, Originalism, Purposivism7.1 Proportionality28. Robert Alexy, ‘Constitutional Rights, Balancing, and Rationality’, Ration Juris, 16, 2003, 131-140.29. Grégoire C. N. Webber, ‘Challenging the Age of Balancing’, in The Negotiable Constitution, (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 87-115. 7.2 Purposivism30. Aharon Barak, ‘Constitutional Interpretation’, in Purposive Interpretation in Law (trans. Sari Bashi), (Princeton University Press, 2005), pp. 370-393.7.3 Legalism31. Jeffrey Goldsworthy, extract from ‘Australia: Devotion to Legalism’, in Jeffrey Goldsworthy (ed.), Interpreting Constitutions: A Comparative Study, (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 114-136, 141-160.Volume III: Government Structures and Frameworks Part 8. Separation of Powers32. Charles Manga Fombad and Enyinna Nwauche, ‘Africa’s Imperial Presidents: Immunity, Impunity and Accountability’, African Journal of Legal Studies, 5, 2012, 91-118.33. Bruce Ackerman, extract from ‘The New Separation of Powers’, Harvard Law Review, 113, 2000, 643-671, 690-697, 716-722.34. Charles Fombad, ‘The Diffusion of South African-Style Institutions? A Study in Comparative Constitutionalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Theunis Roux (eds) Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments: A Critical Assessment of the 1996 South African Constitution’s Local And International Influence (Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 359-366 & 370-387. Part 9. Federalism and Consociationalism35. Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutional Arrangements of Federal Systems’, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 25, 1995, 61-79.36. Sujit Choudhry and Nathan Hume, ‘Federalism, Devolution and Secession: From Classical to Post-conflict Federalism’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 356-384.37. Canadian Secession Reference Case, Supreme Court of Canada, Part III.A, 1998Part 10. Judicial Review38. Tom Ginsburg, ‘Why Judicial Review?’, in Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 21-33.39. Mauro Cappelletti, ‘Judicial Review in Comparative Perspective’, in The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective, (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 117-149. 40. Wojciech Sadurski, ‘Judicial Review and the Protection of Constitutional Rights’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 22, 2002, 275-299.41. Stephen Gardbaum, ‘The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism’, American Journal of Comparative Law, 49, 2001, 707-760.Part 11. Amendment Rules42. Donald S. Lutz, ‘Toward A Theory of Constitutional Amendment’, American Political Science Review, 88, 1994, 355-370.43. Madhav Khosla, ‘Constitutional Amendment’, in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 232-25044. Joel Colón-Ríos, ‘Introduction: The Forms and Limits of Constitutional Amendments’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 13, 2015, 567-574Part 12. Legal Traditions45. Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders, ‘Constitutions Embedded in Different Legal Systems’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), pp. 21-32 46. Katharina Pistor, ‘The Demand for Constitutional Law’, Constitutional Political Economy, 13, 2002, 73-87.Volume IV: Constitutional Rights Part 13. "A Culture of Justification" and Competing Perspectives on Rights Adjudication47. Etienne Mureinik, ‘A Bridge to Where? Introducing the Interim Bill of Rights’, South African Journal on Human Rights, 10, 1994, 31-48.48. Ronald Dworkin, extract from Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution, (Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 7-19; 29-35; 92-104.49. Jeremy Waldron, ‘The Constitutional Conception of Democracy’, in Law and Disagreement, (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 282-312.Part 14. Democratic Rights; Freedoms of Expression, Association and of the Press50. Richard H. Pildes, ‘Elections’, in Michel Rosenfeld & András Sajó (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 529-544. 51. Jan-Werner Müller, ‘Protecting Popular Self-government from the People? New Normative Perspectives on Militant Democracy’, Annual Review of Political Science, 19, 2016, 249-265.52. Adrienne Stone, ‘The Comparative Constitutional Law of Freedom of Expression’, in Rosalind Dixon and Tom Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law, (Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. 406-421.53. Dieter Grimm, ‘Freedom of Speech in a Globalized World’, in Ivan Hare and James Weinstein (eds), Extreme Speech and Democracy, (Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 11-22.54. Frederick Schauer, ‘Freedom of Expression Adjudication in Europe and the US: A Case Study in Comparative Architecture’, and Lorraine Weinrib and Winfried Brugger, ‘Comment’, in George Nolte (ed.), European and US Constitutionalism, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 49-82.Part 15. Dignity, Equality and Liberty Rights55. Catharine A. MacKinnon, ‘Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination’, in Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law, (Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 32-45.56. Ruth Rubio-Marín and Wen-Chen Chang, ‘Sites of Constitutional Struggle for Women’s Equality’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2013), 301-312. 57. Helen Irving, ‘Framework’, Gender and the Constitution: Equity and Agency in Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 23-37. 58. Margit Cohn and Dieter Grimm, ‘"Human Dignity" as a Constitutional Doctrine’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 193-203.59. Christopher McCrudden, extract from ‘Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights’, European Journal of International Law, 19, 2008, 655, 672-81, 684-85, 699-705, 712-19.60. Susanne Baer, extract from ‘Dignity, Liberty, Equality: A Fundamental Rights Triangle of Constitutionalism’, University of Toronto Law Journal, 59, 2009, 418-424, 462-468.Part 16. Procedural Rights: Access to Courts, Rights to Hearings, and Particular Procedures61. Máximo Langer and Kent Roach, ‘Rights in the Criminal Process: A Case Study of Convergence and Disclosure Rights’, in Mark Tushnet, Thomas Fleiner and Cheryl Saunders (eds), Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law, (Routledge, 2013), pp. 273-283.62. Judith Resnik, extract from ‘A2J/A2K: Access to Justice, Access to Knowledge, and Economic Inequalities in Open Courts and Arbitrations’, North Carolina Law Review, 96, 2018, 614-618.63. Yuval Eylon and Alon Harel, ‘The Right to Judicial Review’, Virginia Law Review, 92, 2006, 991-1022.Part 17. Religion64. Ayelet Shachar, ‘Religion, State, and the Problem of Gender: New Modes of Citizenship and Governance in Diverse Societies’, McGill Law Journal, 50, 2005, 55-73, 78-86.65. W. Cole Durham, Jr., ‘Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework’, in Johan D. van der Vyer and John Witte, Jr. (eds). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives, (Kluwer Law International, 1996), pp. 1-36. Part 18. Social Rights66. Mark Tushnet, extract from Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law (Princeton University Press, 2008), pp. 227-228, 237-241, 258-261.67. Katharine G. Young and Julieta Lemaitre, ‘The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa’, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 26, 2013, 179-216.68. Rosalind Dixon, ‘Creating Dialogue about Socioeconomic Rights: Strong-form versus Weak-form Judicial Review Revisited’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5, 2007, pp. 391-418.