Encyclopedia of Soil Science

Rattan Lal, Ph.D., is a distinguished university professor of soil science and director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center at The Ohio State University, and is an adjunct professor at the University of Iceland. After completing his education at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (B.Sc., 1963), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (M.Sc., 1965), and the Ohio State University, Columbus (Ph. D,1968), he served as a fellow with the University of Sydney, Australia (1968-69), soil physicist at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria (1969-87), and professor of soil science at OSU (1987-to-date). He has written 12 books and edited/co-edited 56 books.

• Accounting: Emergy Analysis / Jay F Martin and D.R. TilleyAcid Mine Drainage / Jerry M Bigham and Charles A Cravotta IIIAcid Rain: Nitrogen Deposition / George F Vance Acid Sulfate Soils / Delvin S Fanning Acid Sulfate Soils: Distribution and Extent / Wim Andriesse and M.E.F van Mensvoort Acid Sulfate Soils: Formation / Martin C Rabenhorst, Delvin S Fanning, and Steven N Burch Acid Sulfate Soils: Management / Michael D Melville, Ian White, and Robert Quirk Acid Sulfate Soils: Problems / Martin C Rabenhorst and Delvin S Fanning Actinobacteria / Marketa Ságová-Marecková and Jan Kopecký Aeration: Measurement / Robert E Sojka and H.D Scott Aeration: Tillage Effects / Dave J Horne and Robert E Sojka Aggregates: Tensile Strength / Humberto Blanco-Canqui and Rattan Lal Aggregation / Sjoerd W Duiker Aggregation: Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and / Cynthia A Cambardella Aggregation: Structural Stability Measurement / Edmund Perfect, Martín Díaz-Zorita, and John GroveAgricultural Lands: Flooding and Levee Breaches / Kenneth R Olson and Lois Wright Morton Agricultural Management: Root Growth / Susanne Schroetter, Jutta Rogasik, and Ewald Schnug Agricultural Soil Carbon: Trading / Bruce A McCarl, Sung Ju Cho, Jinxiu Ding, Pei Huang, Layla Shiva, and Chin-Hsien Yu Air Permeability / Manoj K Shukla and Rattan Lal Albedo / Endre Dobos Alfisols / Rienk Miedema Allophanes / Leslie Louise Baker and Jodi Johnson-Maynard Alpine Soils / Jérôme Poulenard and Pascal Podwojewski Aluminum / Johannes Bernhard Wehr, Frederick Paxton Cardell Blamey, and Neal William Menzies Amazon Basin Soils / Stanley W Buol Amendments and Ameliorants / David C McKenzie Ammonia: Volatilization from Agricultural Soils / Paul G Saffigna and John R Freney Amoozemeter / Aziz Amoozegar Anaerobic Processes / Paul A McDaniel and Daniel G Strawn Andisols / Jon Chorover Andisols: Iceland / Olafur Arnalds Animals: Ecosystem Functioning / Alan J Franzluebbers Animals: Microbial Interactions and Nutrient Cycling / Lisa Cole and Richard D Bardgett Antimony / Gudny Okkenhaug and Jan Mulder Ants / Walter G Whitford Archaeology / John E Foss Arid Soils / H Curtis Monger Arsenic: Southeast Asia / Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman and Ravi Naidu Art and Soil / Christian Feller Atterberg Limits / Thomas Baumgartl Bacteria / Mary Ann Bruns Biochar and Soil Characteristics / Atanu Mukherjee and Rattan Lal Biochar and Soil Quality / David A Laird and Jeffrey M Novak Biochar: Soil Carbon and Fertility / Adam O’Toole and Daniel Rasse Biodegradation and Bioremediation / Owen P Ward and Ajay Singh Biodiversity and Sustainability / Odo Primavesi Bioenergy Crops: Carbon Balance Assessment / Rocky Lemus and Rattan Lal Biofuels versus Agricultural Soils / David Pimentel Biological Crusts / Jayne Belnap Biological Nitrogen Fixation / Robert H Burris Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Contributions to Agriculture / Mark B Peoples Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Enhancement Techniques / David Francis Herridge Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Forms and Regulating Factors / Ken E Giller and Paul Mapfumo Biota / Lev O Karpachevsky and Mikhail Karpachevsky Biota and Disease-Suppressive Soils / Nicola Lorenz Biotechnology / Manas R Banerjee and Laila Yesmin Boreal Forest / Galina Mazhitova Boron and Molybdenum / Umesh C Gupta and J.A MacLeod Brick Making: Soil Degradation / G.S Dheri, Babu S Brar, and Debankur Sanyal Bulk Density / Kwong Yin Chan Bunch Planting: Water Conservation / B.A Stewart Calcification / Janis L Boettinger Calcium / Zdenko Rengel Carbon Assessment: Spectroscopic Methods / James B Reeves III and Gregory W McCarty Carbon Sequestration: Fish Ponds / Subhendu Adhikari and Rattan Lal Carbon Sequestration: Geologic / Eswaran Padmanabhan Carbon Sequestration: Iceland / Anna María Ágústsdóttir Carbon Sequestration: Nutrient Management / M.C Manna, Muneshwar Singh, R.H Wanjari, Asit Mandal, and A.K Patra Carbon Sequestration: Sediments / Eswaran Padmanabhan Carbon Sequestration: Semiarid Regions of India / Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, Sumanta Kundu, and Srinivas K Carbon Sequestration: Urban Ecosystems / Adam Louis Selhorst Carbon Sink Capacity: Soil Profile Characteristics / Yuri Lopes Zinn Carbon: Inelastic Neutron Scattering / Lucian Wielopolski Carbon: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy / Michael H Ebinger, Ronny D Harris, and Clifton W Meyer Carbon: Physical Protection / Jennifer A.J Dungait and David W Hopkins Carbonates / Douglas W Ming Carbonates: Secondary and Pedogenic / Ahmet R Mermut and A Landi Carbonates: Water and / Michael Duniway Care of Soil / Delia C Catacutan Cerrado / Igo F Lepsch Chemical Composition / Goro Uehara Chemisorption / N.J Barrow Chernozems / Boris Boincean and Rattan Lal Chlorine / Uzi Kafkafi and Guohua Xu Classification Systems / Stephen Nortcliff Classification Systems: Arab Traditional, Moroccan Case / Mohamed Sabir and Hassan Ben Jelloun Classification Systems: Australian and New Zealand / Terry A Isbell and A.E Hewitt Classification Systems: Brazilian / A.C.S da Costa and M.R Nanni Classification Systems: Canadian / Charles Tarnocai Classification Systems: Chinese / Zi-Tong Gong Classification Systems: French / Jean-Paul Legros Classification Systems: Historical Developments / Dan H Yaalon Classification Systems: Indian / Mariappan Velayutham, Tapas Bhattacharyya, and Dilip Kumar Pal Classification Systems: Indigenous / Erhan Akça and Selim Kapur Classification Systems: Major / Lars Krogh Classification Systems: Netherlands / Alfred E Hartemink and Henk de Bakker Classification Systems: Russian / Maria Gerasimova Classification Systems: South African / Jeffrey C Hughes Clay Minerals / C.D Barton and Anastasios D Karathanasis Clay Minerals: Charge Properties / Christopher John Matocha Clay Minerals: Weathering and Alteration of / Anastasios D Karathanasis Climate / Alexander N Gennadiyev and Serge S Chernyanskii Climate Change: Gas Fluxes / Pascal Boeckx and Oswald Van Cleemput Climate Change: Soil Carbon Sequestration / Sherwood E Idso and Keith E Idso Cobalt and Iodine / Ronald G McLaren Collembola / Steve P Hopkin Color / Robin N Thwaites Compaction / William E Wolfe Conditioning Index / Ted M Zobeck, M Lee Norfleet, and Douglas L Karlen Conservation Tillage / Jack Cline and Robert Hendershot Conserved Lands: Stewardship / Peter August, Janet Coit, and David Gregg Consistence / Ray McBride Consolidation / Tarunjit Singh Butalia Controlled Traffic / Randall C Reeder Copper / Judith F Pedler and David R Parker Cover Crops / Jorge A Delgado, D Wayne Reeves, and Ronald F Follett Crop Evapotranspiration: Measurement System / Huanjie Cai, Pute Wu, Zhijun Li, Xiaotao Hu, and Yufeng Zou Crop Management: Seasonally Frozen Soil / Brenton S Sharratt Crop Plants: Phosphorus Availability / Bettina Eichler-Löbermann and Ewald Schnug Crop Residue Management / David L Schertz and Dan Towery Crop Root Response to Temperature: Temperate Zone / Thomas C Kaspar Crop Rotation and Farming Systems: Temperate Zone / Martin R Carter Crop Rotation and Farming Systems: Tropical Smallholder Farm Systems /Stefan Hauser, Lindsey Norgrove, and Tarcisius Nyobe Crop Rotation and Farming Systems: Tropics and Subtropics and Swelling Soils / D.M Freebairn, G.D Smith, Robin D Connolly, and Jeff N Tullberg Crop Yield: Compaction / Muhammad Ishaq and Rattan Lal Croplands / B.A Stewart Crops: Flooding Tolerance / Tara T VanToai, Getachew Boru, and Jianhuan Zhang Cultivation: Raised-Bed / Kenneth D Sayre Culture: Soil-less / Nazim Gruda, Giorgio Prosdocimi Gianquinto, Yuksel Tuzel, and Dimitrios Savvas Cycling: Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) / Sylvie M Brouder and Ronald F Turco Debris Flow / Jau-Yau Lu Degradation / Rosa M Poch Claret and José A Martínez-Casasnovas Degradation: Biological / Ibrahim Ortaş Degradation: Chemical / M Rifat Derici Degradation: Critical Limits and Irreversible Degradation / Anthony R Dexter and Michael A Zoebisch Degradation: Economic Incentives and Investments / Dennis Wichelns Degradation: Farm-Level Economic Implications / Dennis Wichelns and Ellen Burnes Degradation: Food Aid Needs in Low-Income Countries / Shahla Shapouri and Stacey Rosen Degradation: Food Security and Poverty / Pierre Crosson Degradation: Greenhouse Effect / Eddy De Pauw and Michael A Zoebisch Degradation: Mapping by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) / Zhanquo Bai and David Dent Degradation: Off-Farm Economic Implications / Dennis Wichelns and Ellen Burnes Degradation: Physical / Michael A Zoebisch and Anthony R Dexter Degradation: Quality and / Rattan Lal Desertification: Biological Productivity Decline / Uriel N Safriel Desertification: Extent / Victor R Squires Desertification: Greenhouse Effect / Craig Idso and Sherwood E Idso Desertification: Humid Environment in Iceland / Andres Arnalds Desertification: Impact / David A Mouat and Judith Lancaster Desertification: Mapping Constraints and Challenges / Pandi Zdruli, Michael Cherlet, and Claudio Zucca Desertification: Prevention and Restoration / Claudio Zucca, Susana Bautista, andFranco Previtali Desertification: Productivity / Kris M Havstad Desertification: Restoration / Alon Tal Desertification: Reversal / David Tongway and John Ludwig Desertization: Irreversible Extension of Desert Land / Henry Noel LeHouérou Developing Countries: Economics of Soil Management / Stefano Pagiola Diagnostic Horizons / E.M Bridges Diffusivity: Measurement / Toru Nakajima Digital Soil Mapping / Budiman Minasny, Alex B McBratney, and Florence Carré Drainage: Aeration and Trafficability / Norman R Fausey Drainage: Anaerobiosis / Robert O Evans Drainage: Water Quality / James L Baker Drought: Drought Resistance / Graeme C Wright and Nageswararao C Rachaputi Drought: Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture / Joshua B Fisher and Konstantinos M Andreadis Earthworms / Patrick J Bohlen Eco-Agriculture / Norman Uphoff and Janice E Thies Ecology: Cycling of Carbon and Nitrogen / Alan J Franzluebbers Economics of Soil Management: U.S / Jeffrey W Hopkins Ecosystems: Life Attributes and Environment / Dennis R Linden Enchytraeidae / María Jesús Iglesias Briones Entisols / Larry T West Environmentally Friendly Indigenous Technologies / Selim Kapur and Erhan Akça Enzymes / Veronica Acosta-Martinez and Susanne Klose Erosion / Dennis C Flanagan Erosion Management: Hill Soils / Narendra Kumar Lenka and B Krishna Rao Erosion Tolerance / David L Schertz and Mark A Nearing Erosion: Aggregate Breakdown Mechanisms / Yves Le Bissonnais Erosion: Agronomic Practices / Glenn A Weesies, David L Schertz, and William F Kuenstler Erosion: Assessment / John Boardman Erosion: Carbon Dioxide / Pierre A Jacinthe and Rattan Lal Erosion: Controlling Irrigation-Induced / Robert E Sojka and David L Bjorneberg Erosion: Crop Yield / Michael Stocking Erosion: Disturbed Lands / William J Elliot Erosion: Effects on Human Life / Neroli Pedro Cogo and Renato Levien Erosion: Fly-Ash Spheres as Time Marker / Kenneth R Olson and Alexander N Gennadiyev Erosion: Global Change / Xingxiang Wang, Taolin Zhang, Longxi Cao, and Yin Liang Erosion: On-Site and Off-Site Impacts / Jerry L Hatfield Erosion: Overland Research and Measurement Techniques / Chia Chun Joseph Wu Erosion: Perennial Crop Plantations / Alfred E Hartemink Erosion: Sedimentation Control Amendment Techniques / X.-C (John) Zhang Erosion: Sedimentation Control Vegetative Techniques / Samson D Angima Erosion: Snowmelt / Donald K McCool Erosion: Soil Conservation / Eric T Craswell Erosion: Water Quality / Andreas Klik Erosivity and Erodibility / Peter I.A Kinnell Ethics / John Ronald Engel Eutrophication / Thomas G Franti and Kyle D Hoagland Evaporation / William P Kustas Evolution: Soil Seed Bank / Paul B Cavers and David Susko Fauna / Mary C Savin Fauna and Microflora: Macrofauna / Judy Tisdall Fertility Decline: Definitions and Assessment / Alfred E Hartemink Fertility: Environmentally Compatible Management / Bal Ram Singh Fertility: Evaluation Systems / Ram C Dalal and A Subba Rao Fertility: Low Input and Traditional Maintenance Methods / Miguel Altieri Fertility: North China Plains / Xiangbin Kong and Rattan Lal Fertilizers: Application Methods / John Ryan Fertilizers: Leaching Losses / Paul G Saffigna and Ian R Phillips Fertilizers: Mineral / L.L Hammond and Balu L Bumb Fertilizers: Organic / Gary J Gascho Fertilizers: Types and Formulations / Douglas Robert McGuffog Fertilizers: Urban Waste and Sludges / Rory O Maguire and James Thomas Sims Fire and Soils / Partap K Khanna and John Raison Fluid Flow: Modeling / John L Nieber Food Crops: Zinc and Iron Biofortification / Yashbir Singh Shivay and Rajendra Prasad Food Security and Soil Water Management / Mark W Rosegrant, Ephraim Nkonya, and Rowena A Valmonte-Santos Food Security: Agricultural Productivity and Resources / Keith D Wiebe Food Security: Soil Degradation, Global Scale / Michael A Zoebisch and Eddy De Pauw Food Security: Soil Degradation, Local and Eco-Regional Scale / Sara J Scherr Forest Soils / Nicholas Comerford and Thomas Fox Forest Soils: Calcium Depletion / Tom G Huntington Forest Soils: Major / Ken Van Rees Forest Soils: Nutrient Cycling / Neil W Foster and Jagtar S Bhatti Forest Soils: Properties and Site Productivity / Paul A Arp and Helmut H Krause Freeze and Thaw: Diurnal / Joseph L Pikul Frozen Soils: Water Relations / John M Baker Fungi / Serita Frey Future of Soil Science / Eric C Brevik, Samuel J Indorante, Dylan E Beaudette, and Richard W Arnold Gas and Vapor Phase Transport / Dennis E Rolston Gelisols / James G Bockheim Geologic Carbon Capture and Storage / Sean I Plasynski, John T Litynski, Timothy R Carr,Howard G McIlvried, and Rameshwar D Srivastava Geology and Soil / Kenneth R Olson Geomorphology / Robin N Thwaites Geophysical Methods / Barry J Allred, Viacheslav I Adamchuk, Raphael A Viscarra Rossel,Jim Doolittle, Robert S Freeland, Katherine R Grote, and Dennis L Corwin Geostatistics / Anja Gassner and Ewald Schnug GIS Integration: Remote Sensing / Egide Nizeyimana Global Resources / Paul Reich and Hari Eswaran Grass Strip Hydrology / Hossein Ghadiri and Calvin W Rose Grasslands Soils / Douglas D Malo Grazing Lands: Gaseous Emissions / Lipismita Samal, Veerasamy Sejian, M Bagath,R.U Suganthi, Raghavendra Bhatta, and Rattan Lal Green Revolution: China North Eastern Plains / Xiangbin Kong and Rattan Lal Greenhouse Effect / Rattan Lal Growing Media / Nazim Gruda, Jean Caron, Munoo Prasad, and Michael Maher Gulley Erosion / Fenli Zheng, Chihua Huang, and Ximeng Xu Gypsic Soils / Juan Herrero and Jaime Boixadera Gypsic Soils: Gypsum Formation / Ahmet R Mermut and Hossein Khademi Hard-Setting Soils / Richard S.B Greene Health / Robin F Harris and D.E Romig Heat and Water Movement / Gerald N Flerchinger Heat Capacity / Surinder Kumar Jalota and B.S Ghuman Heat Flux / Thomas J Sauer Heavy Metals / Mike J McLaughlin History of Soil Science / Eric C Brevik and Artemi Cerdà History of Soil Science: 1927–2000 / Fred P Miller History of Soil Science: Early to Mid-20th Century / John P Tandarich Histosols / David L Lindbo and Deborah A Kozlowski Human Culture and Soils / Daniel Hillel Human Dimensions: Soil Sustainability / Mary Seely, Patrik Klintenberg, and Claus Hager Human Health and Soil / Charles F Sing and David B Sing Human Society and Soil / Rattan Lal Human Society and the Planet: Soil as a Heritage / Fred P Miller Hydraulic Conductivity / Jacob H Dane, Marc Jalbert, and Jan W Hopmans Hydrologic Cycle / Keith R.J Smettem Hydropedology / Henry Lin Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds / Tomas Simon Hydrophobicity / Joerg Bachmann, Abraham Marmur, and Markus Deurer Inceptisols / John M Galbraith, Kenneth Scheffe, and Shawn McVey India: Problems and Potentialities / S.K Singh, S Chattaraj, N.G Patil, S.K Ray, and S Chatterji Indigenous Soil Management / Karl Herweg Indo-Gangetic Plain: Agro-Ecological Regions / Jaya N Surya, R.P Yadav, G.S Sidhu, and S.K Singh Industrial Waste / Warren Dick Infiltration: Management / Jutta Rogasik, Kerstin Panten, Ewald Schnug, and Helmut Rogasik Infiltration: Properties / Walter J Rawls Inorganic Carbon: Analysis / Richard R Drees and C Tom Hallmark Inorganic Carbon: Climate and Time / Lee C Nordt Inorganic Carbon: Composition and Formation / H Curtis Monger and Larry P Wilding Inorganic Carbon: Global Carbon Cycle / William H Schlesinger Inorganic Carbon: Global Stocks / Larry P Wilding, Lee C Nordt, and John M Kimble Inorganic Carbon: Land Use Impacts / Donald L Suarez Inorganic Carbon: Modeling / Leslie D McFadden and Ronald G Amundson Insect Survival: Subzero Temperature / Mike M Ellsbury Integrated Nutrient Management / Bal Ram Singh and Ram C Dalal Integrated Nutrient Management: Sustainability / G.S Saroa and Rattan Lal International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) / David Dent International Union of Soil Sciences / Stephen Nortcliff Ion Exchange / Bryon W Bache Iron Oxides / Nikolla P Qafoku and James Amonette Irrigation / Jack Keller Irrigation: Efficiency / Terry A Howell Irrigation: Erosion / Robert E Sojka and David L Bjorneberg Irrigation: Historical Perspective / Robert E Sojka, David L Bjorneberg, and J.A Entry Irrigation: Soil Salinity / James D Rhoades Jhum: Cultivation / Arun Jyoti Nath, Biplab Brahma, Rattan Lal, and Ashesh Kumar Das Jhum: Shifting Agriculture / P.S Ramakrishnan Land Capability Analysis / Michael J Singer Land Capability Classification / Thomas E Fenton Land Evaluation / J Herbert Huddleston Land Forms / Carolyn G Olson Land Husbandry / Francis Shaxson and Malcolm Douglas Land Restoration / Richard W Bell Land Use: Historic / J Douglas Helms, Hari Eswaran, and Paul Reich Land Use: Land Cover / Andrew K Skidmore Land Use: Planning and Geographic Information System (GIS) / Egide Nizeyimana andLandfill Sites: Revegetation / Gilbert Yuk-sing Chan and Ming H Wong Landscape / George Hall Landscape: Classification / Philip Schoeneberger Landscape: Development and Erosion / Jon Harbor Landscape: Elements / Douglas Wysocki and C William Zanner Landscape: Relationships / Timothy A Quine Landslide and Landcreep / Jau-Yau Lu and Hao-Jung Shieh Law and Legal Issues / Ian Hannam and Ben Boer Law and Legal Issues: Land as Property / Paul Martin and John Page Leaching and Illuviation / Lynn E Moody Liming and Lime Materials / Mark K Conyers Loess / Fred E Rhoton and Helaine W Markewich Loess Plateau / Fenli Zheng, Ximeng Xu, and Xiubin He Low-Carbon Technology: Brazilian Semiarid Ecosystems / Antonio Pereira Filho,Vanderlise Giongo, Tony Jarbas Ferreira Cunha, Jose Texeira Filho, Tayane de Lima Santos,and Luiz Fernando Carvalho Leite Lower Himalayas: Soil Management / Anup Das, Ramkrushna Gi, Badapmain Makdoh,Dibyendu Sarkar, Jayanta Layek, Sandip Mandal, and Rattan Lal Macroporosity / Daniel Gimenez and Daniel Hirmas Magnesium / N.S Bolan, K Arulmozhiselvan, and P Paramasivam Manganese: Brazilian Soils / Diego Antonio França de Freitas, Nilton Curi, andNestor Kämpf Manure Management: Gaseous Emissions / Veerasamy Sejian, Lipismita Samal, M Bagath, R.U Suganthi, Raghavendra Bhatta, and Rattan Lal Manure: Compost and Biosolids / Bahman Eghball and Kenneth A Barbarick Mapping Soil Carbon / Budiman Minasny, Brendan Malone, and Alex B McBratney Mapping Soil Carbon: Stocks in Turkey / Gönül Aydın, Mehmet Ali Çullu, Sabit Erşahin,Erhan Akça, Emrah Erdoğan, Levent Atatanır, Alper Yorulmaz, Ahmet Çilek, Merve Ersoy,Somayyeh Rezzaghi Miavaghi, Selim Kapur, and Rattan Lal Materials and Soils / Selim Kapur, Erhan Akça, and Takanori Nagano Mediterranean Agriculture: Rainfed, Nitrogen Use Efficiency / Àngela D Bosch Serra Metal—Clay Interactions / Dean Hesterberg Microbial Biomass: Measurement / K.R Islam and S.R Wright Microbial Communities / K.R Islam and S.R Wright Micromorphology and Soil Quality / Ahmet R Mermut Micronutrients and Human Health / Ram Phal Narwal, R.S Malik, S.K Malhotra, and Bal Ram Singh Mine Soils: Measuring Geogenic Carbon / David A.N Ussiri and Rattan Lal Mine Soils: Miscanthus Platations / Jose G Guzman and Rattan Lal Mine Soils: Open Cut Mine Rehabilitation / Douglas J Dollhopf Mine Soils: Reclamation and Soil Carbon Sequestration / Vasant A Akala and Rattan Lal Minerals: Amorphous / April L Ulery Minerals: Primary / Nikolaos I Barbayiannis and Vissarion Z Keramidas Minerals: Secondary / Deborah A Soukup Minerals: Solubility / Wayne P Robarge Minirhizotron / Verónica Muñoz-Romero, Luis López-Bellido, F Javier López-Bellido, and Rafael J López-Bellido Mites / Hans Klompen Modern Civilization and Soils / Kenneth R Olson Mulch Farming / Rattan Lal Mycorrhiza of Forest Ecosystems / Ian A Dickie Mycorrhizae: Soil Quality / Ibrahim Ortaş Nanofertilizers / Ruiqiang Liu and Rattan Lal Natural Resources: Interaction with Soil / Dennis J Greenland Nematodes / Christien H Ettema Nematodes and Soil / Wilfrida Decraemer Nexus Approach: Resource Management for Soil Productivity / Kai Schwärzel,Reza Ardakanian, Tamara Avellán, and Lulu Zhang Nitrate Leaching Index / Harold M van Es and Jorge A Delgado Nitrate Leaching Management / John J Meisinger, Jorge A Delgado, and Ashok Alva Nitrogen and its Transformations / Oswald Van Cleemput and Pascal Boeckx Nitrogen Index / Jorge A Delgado Nitrogen-15: Utilization / Jorge Benitez-Vega, Luis López-Bellido, Ramón Redondo, andRafael J López-Bellido Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Agricultural Soils / John R Freney Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Paddy Soils / Jianfu Xue, Xin Zhao, and Hailin Zhang Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Sources, Sinks, and Strategies / Katsu Minami No Till / Paul W Unger Nutrient Management / Jorge A Delgado Nutrient Management: Fertility and / John L Havlin Nutrients: Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms / Noel J Grundon Nutrients: Diffusion, Bioavailability, and Plant Uptake / Niels Erik Nielsen Nutrients: Interactions in Soil—Plant System / Fusuo S Zhang, J Shen, and Y.-G Zhu Nutrients: Water Interactions / Ardell D Halvorson Organic Agriculture / Kathleen Delate Organic Carbon: Assessment Methods / K.R Islam Organic Carbon: Sequestration Concepts / Kenneth R Olson Organic Carbon: Subsoil Pools / Klaus Lorenz and Rattan Lal Organic Farming: China / Yuxin Miao, Fusuo Zhang, and Fanghao Wang Organic Fertilization: Heavy Metal Uptake / Ewald Schnug, Alexandra Izosimova, and Renata Gaj Organisms and Soil Food Webs / David C Coleman Organo-Mineral Relationships / Claire Chenu, Alain F Plante, and Pascale Puget Oxisols / Stanley W Buol Pampas, The / Martín Díaz-Zorita and Daniel E Buschiazzo Pantanal, The / Henrique de Oliveira, Amaury de Carvalho Filho, Carlos Ernesto Reynauld G Schaefer, and Evaldo Luis Cardoso Paramos Soils / Pascal Podwojewski and Jérôme Poulenard Particle Density / Keith R.J Smettem Particle Packing / Satish C Gupta and D.P Thoma Particle Shape / Brian M Schafer Particle Size / Hwat Bing So and Harold R Geering Peatlands / Dale H Vitt and Paul Short Pedological Modeling / Ronald G Amundson Pedometrics / Alex B McBratney and Budiman Minasny Pedotransfer Functions / J.H.M Wösten Permafrost: Soil Temperature and Special Problems / Douglas Kane and Julia Boike Petrocalcic Horizons / Alain Ruellan pH / Grant W Thomas Phosphorus / John Ryan and Abdul Rashid Phosphorus: Manure and Diet Modification / Rory O Maguire, John T Brake, andPeter W Plumstead Phosphorus: Plant Nutrition and Microorganism Contribution / Bettina Eichler-Löbermann, Christel Baum, Silke Ruppel, and Ewald Schnug Phosphorus: Spatial Speciation in Agricultural Soils / Anja Gassner and Ewald Schnug Phytoremediation / Khan Towhid Osman and Md Abul Kashem Plant Growth: Oxygen Diffusion Rate / Witold Stepniewski Plant Nutrients / Volker Roemheld Plant Nutrients: Intensity, Quantity, and Buffer Power / Ram C Dalal Plant Nutrients: Sufficiency and Requirements / Kanwar L Sahrawat Plastic Properties / Gunnar Kirchhof Plinthite and Petroplinthite / Eswaran Padmanabhan and Hari Eswaran Podzols / Peter Buurman Polar Regions, The / Charles Tarnocai and Iain Campbell Pollution / Zulkuf Kaya Pollution: Industrial Waste / Winfried E.H Blum, Walter W Wenzel, Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl,and Martin H Gerzabek Pollution: Non-Point Source / Ravendra Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Peter Dillon,Rai Kookana, Ray Correll, and Walter W Wenzel Pollution: Organic and Inorganic / A Paul Schwab Pollution: Persistent Organic / Mark Radosevich and E Danielle Rhine Pollution: Point Source / Ravendra Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Peter Dillon, Rai Kookana, Ray Correll, and Walter W Wenzel Porosity: Pore Size Distribution / Keith C Cameron and Graeme D Buchan Potassium / Philippe Hinsinger Potassium: Dynamics and Mineralogy / A.V Shanwal and S.S Dahiya Potassium: Nutrition in Semi-Arid Tropics / D.L Oswalt Power Plants: Carbon Dioxide Capture / Sean I Plasynski, Thomas J Feeley, Timothy Fout,Howard G McIlvried, and Rameshwar D Srivastava Precision Agriculture: Engineering Aspects / Joel T Walker, Reza Ehsani, and Matthew O Sullivan Precision Agriculture: Fertilization / Silvia H Haneklaus and Ewald Schnug Precision Agriculture: Nutrient Cycling / Robert J Lascano Precision Agriculture: Remote Sensing / Kerstin Panten, Holger Lilienthal, Erik Zillmann,Silvia H Haneklaus, and Ewald Schnug Productivity: Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances / Douglas G Maynard and Charlotte E Norris Protection: Policy of the European Union / Irene L Heuser and Luca Montanarella Protozoa / Bryan S Griffiths Pyrite / Michael J Borda Pyrogenic Carbon / Barry G Rawlins Quality / Ed G Gregorich Quality Index: Soil / Toru Nakajima Quality: Assessment by Interpolation Techniques / Vincent Obade Quality: Carbon and Nitrogen Gases / Philippe Rochette, Reynald Lemke, and Sean McGinn Quality: Critical Limits and Standardization / Martin R Carter Quality: Erosion / Craig Ditzler Quality: Indicators / Graham P Sparling Quality: Productivity / Mike H Beare Quality: Soil and Water / Todd Nissen and Michelle Wander Radiometric Survey / Barry G Rawlins and Raphael A Viscarra Rossel Radionuclides / Philip M Jardine Raindrop Impact and Splash Erosion / Hossein Ghadiri Rapid Soil Analysis: Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy / Keith D Shepherd and Markus G Walsh Rare Earth Elements / Zhengyi Hu, Gerd Sparovek, Silvia H Haneklaus, and Ewald Schnug Redox Phenomena / Bruce R James Rehabilitation: Indicators and Monitoring / David Jasper Religious Aspects of Soil—Human Relationships / Verena Winiwarter and Winfried E.H Blum Rendzina / Thomas E Fenton Resilience / Moses M Tenywa, J.G.M Majaliwa, and A Lufafa Resilience: Land Use and Soil Management / Soojin J Park Resilience: Quality and / Rattan Lal Resilience: Restoration / F.W.T Penning de Vries and Eric T Craswell Respiration / Pierre A Jacinthe and Rattan Lal Restoration Ecology / Richard Hobbs Restoration: Success and Completion Criteria / Sam C Ward Rice Paddies: Methane Emissions / Ronald L Sass Rice Paddies: Methane Emissions, Mitigating / Kazuyuki Yagi Rice Paddies: Methanogenesis / Ronald L Sass Rice Paddies: Soil Management / Xin Zhao, Jianfu Xue, and Hailin Zhang Rocks / Vsevolod V Dobrovolsky Root Growth: Pressure at the Soil—Root Interface / Rabi K Misra Root Monitoring System / Zhikuan Jia, Pute Wu, Qingfang Han, Junfeng Nie, Ruixia Ding, and Yufeng Zou Salt-Affected Soils / Anna Eynard, Rattan Lal, and Keith D Wiebe Salt-Affected Soils: Nitrous Oxide Emissions / G.S Dheri, Babu S Brar, and Debankur Sanyal Satellite Mapping / Bruce E Frazier Scaling Effects / Yakov A Pachepsky, Walter J Rawls, and John W Crawford Sediment: Influence on Aquatic Life / Suzanne M Gray Sedimentation Control and Erosion: Engineering Techniques / Jose Miguel Reichert and Elemar Antonino Cassol Seepage / Patricia M Gallagher Selenium / Gunnar Gissel-Nielsen Serpentinitic Soils / Rebecca Burt and Michael A Wilson Sesquioxides / Joey N Shaw and Larry T West Shrinkage / Des McGarry and Don F Yule Silica: Pedogenic Accumulation / Katherine J Kendrick Silicon and Sodium / Jian Feng Ma Slaking, Dispersion, and Crust Formation / Hwat Bing So Social and Behavioral Sciences’ Contribution to Soil Science / Sven B Lundstedt Sodic Soils / Pichu Rengasamy Sodic Soils: Formation and Global Distribution / Brian Murphy Sodic Soils: Humid Regions / Samuel J Indorante Sodic Soils: Irrigation Farming / David Burrow Sodic Soils: Physical Properties and Behavior / Hwat Bing So Sodic Soils: Processes, Characteristics, and Classification / Pichu Rengasamy Sodic Soils: Reclamation / Jock Churchman Sodicity: Subsoil / Kwong Yin Chan Soil Carbon Map: Africa / Arwyn Jones, Roland Hiederer, and Luca Montanarella Soil Carbon Sequestration: Ethiopia / Ambachew Demessie, Bal Ram Singh, and Rattan Lal Soil Carbon: Compositional and Isotopic Analysis / James Moran, M Lizabeth Alexander, and Alexander Laskin Soil Carbon: Farming and Economic Aspects / Bruce A McCarl Soil Conservation: Incentives / David Sanders Soil Conservation: Strategies / Winfried E.H Blum Soil Conservation: U.S Historical Perspective / Dana D York Soil Degradation: Global Assessment / Selim Kapur and Erhan Akça Soil Enzymes / Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, Minakshi Grover, Sumanta Kundu, and Susheelendra Desai Soil Organic Matter (SOM) / Rattan Lal Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Accumulation / Sylvie A Quideau Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Available Water Capacity / Tom G Huntington Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Characterization / Christian Feller Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Composition and Dynamics / Cornelia Rumpel, M.F Dignac, and Abad Chabbi Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Global Carbon Cycle / Keith Paustian Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Global Distribution / Wilfred M Post Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Historical Concepts / Christian Feller Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Landscape / Henry H Janzen, B.H Ellert, and D.W Anderson Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Management / R Cesar Izaurralde and Carlos C Cerri Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis / Nikola Tolic, Malak M Tfaily, Yufeng Shen, Rosalie Chu, Thomas Fillmore, Rui Zhao, Kent Bloodsworth, Errol Robinson, Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, and Nancy J Hess Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Modeling / Peter Smith Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Molecular Simulations / Amity Andersen Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Nutrient Dynamics / Charles W Rice Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Solvent-Based High Resolution Mass Spectrometry / Malak M Tfaily, Yufeng Shen, Nikola Tolic, Jennifer Kyle, Rosalie Chu, Thomas Fillmore,Rui Zhao, Kent Bloodsworth, Errol Robinson, Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, and Nancy J Hess Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Structure and Characterization / Georg Guggenberger Soil Organic Matter (SOM): Turnover / Johan Six and Julie D Jastrow Soluble Salts: Translocation and Accumulation / Jimmie L Richardson Solute Transport / Arne E Olsen and James W Jawitz Spectral Mixtures: Soil—Plant / Alfredo R Huete Spodosols / Delbert Mokma Strontium / Silvia H Haneklaus and Ewald Schnug Structure / Eileen J Kladivko Structure: Belowground Management / Ken A Olsson and Bruce Cockroft Structure: Earthworms / Martin Shipitalo and Tayfun Korucu Structure: Pedological Concepts and Water Flow / Clinton C Truman andDonald P Franzmeier Structure: Plant Establishment / Douglas L Karlen Structure: Roots / Alvin J.M Smucker Sub-Irrigation / Norman R Fausey Sugarcane Fields: Harvest Systems and Residue Management / Newton La Scala Jr.,Ricardo De Oliveira Bordonal, Eduardo Barretto De Figueiredo, Alan Rodrigo Panosso, Mara Regina Moitinho, and Mariana Marotti Corradi Sulfate and Sulfide Minerals / Delvin S Fanning and Steven N Burch Sulfur / Ewald Schnug, Silvia H Haneklaus, and Elke Bloem Sulfur: Chemical Behavior in the Rhizosphere / Zhengyi Hu, Silvia H Haneklaus, and Ewald Schnug Sulfur: Nutrition / Silvia H Haneklaus, Elke Bloem, and Ewald Schnug Surface Area: Specific / L.A Graham Aylmore Surface Management / Kwong Yin Chan Surface Water: Nitrogen Enrichment / Tim P Burt and Penny E Widdison Surface Water: Pollution by Nitrogen Fertilizers / Gregory McIsaac Sustainable Agriculture: Social Aspects / Frederick H Buttel Sustainable Agriculture: Soil Quality / John W Doran and Ed G Gregorich Sustainable Development and Sustainability / Alan D Hecht and Joseph Fiksel Tailings: Minerals Processing Residue Rehabilitation / Lloyd R Hossner and Hamid Shahandeh Taxonomies: U.S Soil Taxonomy and Indian Scenario / Tapas Bhattacharyya and Dilip Kumar Pal Taxonomy / Mark H Stolt Temperature Measurement / Kevin McInnes Tepetates: Mexico / Jorge D Etchevers, Claudia Hidalgo, C Prat, and P Quantin Termites / David E Bignell and John A Holt Terra Preta (Black Earths) / Kurt Spokas, Jose Marques Jr., Newton La Scala Jr., Ed Nater, and Diego S Siqueira Terra Preta de Indio / Johannes Lehmann Testing / Yash P Kalra and Jagtar S Bhatti Texture / Harold R Geering and Hwat Bing So Tillage Erosion: Description and Process / Michael J Lindstrom Tillage Erosion: Measurement Techniques / David A Lobb Tillage Erosion: Properties and Productivity Effects / Tom E Schumacher Tillage Erosion: Relationship to Water Erosion / Gerard Govers Tillage Erosion: Terrace Formation / Seth M Dabney and Dalmo A.N Vieira Tillage: Gas Exchange / Donald C Reicosky Tilth / Jerry L Hatfield Time and Space: Soils in / Neil E Smeck and C Lee Burras Torrential Erosion: Himalayas / Ram Prashad Yadav Trace Metal Contamination / Åsgeir Rossebø Almås and Bal Ram Singh Tropics and Subtropics / Hari Eswaran and Eswaran Padmanabhan Turbations / Brad D Lee and Robert C Graham Turfgrass: Protection of Soil and Water / James A Murphy and Stephanie L Murphy Ultisols / Joey N Shaw Uranium Contamination / Ewald Schnug, Roberta Bottino Montolar Sparovek, Maria delCarmen Lamas, Sylvia L Kratz, Jurgen Fleckenstein, and Susanne Schroetter Urban Lands: Abandoned / Joshua W Beniston and William D Shuster Urban Lands: and Construction Sites / Wolfgang Burghardt Urban Lands: Management / Klaus Lorenz Urban Wastewater for Irrigation: Heavy Metals / P.S Minhas and K Lal Urea: Subsoiling and Controlled Release / Tangyuan Ning, Rattan Lal, Zengjia Li, and Min Zhang Value of Soil to Humans / Rattan Lal Variability / Josef H Görres Variability: Spatial / Brian Slater Variable Charge Soils: Mineralogy and Chemistry / Eric Van Ranst, Nikolla P Qafoku,Andrew Noble, and Ren-kou Xu Vertisols / Wouter A Blokhuis Vertisols: Surface Crack Management / J Somasundaram, Nishant K Sinha, Ashok K Patra,and Rattan Lal Vesicular Crusts / Patrick Drohan Village Bamboos / Arun Jyoti Nath, Ashesh Kumar Das, and Rattan Lal Waste Rock and Overburden Dumps: Rehabilitation / Martin V Fey, R.D O’Brien, and A.J Mills Wastewater: Treatment and Utilization in Irrigation / Yona Chen and Jorge Tarchitzky Water Conservation / Paul W Unger Water Content / Tom J Jackson Water Content: Passive and Active Microwave Remote Sensing / Eric D Warner and Gary W Petersen Water Erosion / David Favis-Mortlock Water Erosion: Empirical Models / John M Laflen Water Erosion: Hybrid Models / Jeffrey G Arnold, Kevin W King, and Jimmy R Williams Water Erosion: Modeling / Calvin W Rose Water Erosion: Process-Based Modeling / Mark A Nearing Water Infiltration / Manoj K Shukla and Rattan Lal Water Management: Computer Modeling / Laj R Ahuja and Liwang Ma Water Management: Harvesting / Gary W Frasier Water Management: Use Efficiency / David C Nielsen Water Measurement: Methods / Des McGarry Water Range: Least-Limiting / Alvaro Pires da Silva, Beverly D Kay, Cássio A Tormena, Silvia Imhoff, Douglas L Karlen, and Joseph G Benjamin Water Retention / Satish C Gupta and Dong Wang Water: Plant-Available / Argyrios Gerakis and Joe T Ritchie Water-Repellent Soils / Anna Eynard, Rattan Lal, and Keith D Wiebe Watershed Approach / Timothy R Green and Jan van Schilfgaarde Watershed Management: Remote Sensing and GIS Applications / A.V Shanwal and S.P Singh Weathering / Dominique Righi Weathering: Carbon Sequestration / William Berry Lyons, Jerry M Bigham, Anne E Carey, and Rattan Lal Wetlands / Ralph W Tiner Wetlands: Biodiversity / Jean-Claude Lefeuvre and Virginie Bouchard Wetlands: Carbon Sequestration / Virginie Bouchard and Matthew Cochran Wetlands: Conservation Policy / Clayton Rubec Wetlands: Economic Value / Gayatri Acharya Wetlands: Gaseous Emissions / S.K Nag Wetlands: Methane Emission / Anna Ekberg and Torben Røjle Christensen Wetlands: Sedimentation and Ecological Engineering / Timothy C Granata and Jay F Martin Wind Erosion: Climate Change / Alan Busacca and David Chandler Wind Erosion: Control Measures / Gary L Tibke Wind Erosion: Environmental Effects / R Scott Van Pelt Wind Erosion: Field Measurement / R Scott Van Pelt and Ted M Zobeck Wind Erosion: Global Hot Spots / Andrew Warren Wind Erosion: Micrometeorology / Giles F.S Wiggs Wind Erosion: Modeling / Lawrence J Hagen Wind Erosion: Principles / Larry D Stetler Wind Erosion: Soil Quality and Productivity / John Leys Windblown Dust / Dale Gillette Wind-Driven Rain: Erosion / Gunay Erpul, L Darrell Norton, and Donald Gabriels World Reference Base for Soil Resources / Peter Schad and Stefaan Dondeyne