Advances in Nutritional Research – serie

Nutrition and Osteoporosis: Seeing Through a Glass, Darkly (1 Cor. 13:12) This volume of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with the present state of knowledge relative to the role of nutrition in the etiology of osteoporosis, one of the most serious degenerative diseases in the aging population. As a back­ drop for subsequent chapters on specific nutrients, Chapter 1 provides a com­ prehensive account of the gain and loss of bone throughout the life cycle, with emphasis on the architectural changes in later life that predispose to osteoporotic bone fractures. Chapter 2 documents the occurrence of aging bone loss through­ out human archeological history and Chapter 3 extends this documentation to all non-human vertebrate species so far examined, including primates living in the wild. It is apparent that a progressive loss of bone tissue is a normal accompaniment of aging among higher vertebrates. Whether it is a cause of bone fractures in animals, as it is in humans, is still unknown. It has also been established that there are significant differences in the frequency of osteoporotic fractures among human families, ethnic groups, national populations and diet cultures. Numerous studies have been carried out in an effort to explain these differences, and many of these deal with the possible effect of nutrition. Protracted controversies over the role of nutrition in the etiology of osteoporosis are reflected in the contents of several of the ensuing chapters.

This volume will treat the various aspects of milk with regard to allergies, immunology, toxicology, and general health and will reflect the current research in these areas. It will be volume 10 in the series.

Volume 8 of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with several topics of prime current interest in nutritional research, including the role of nutrition in hypertension, in the infections associated with protein-energy malnu­ trition, and in pathological conditions associated with the generation of oxygen radicals in the tissues, as well as with topics of ongoing interest. Recent research indicates that reduction of obesity, of alcohol intake, and of sodium intake by salt-sensitive individuals, are the most effective non­ pharmacological means of reducing high blood pressure. A new approach to therapy for infections caused by protein-energy malnutrition, based on restoration of immunocompetence by administration of thyroid and anti­ glucocorticoid hormones, is presented. Current research into the role of nutrition in modulating tissue damage caused by oxygen radicals generated in various pathologies is reviewed. Two· chapters deal with perinatal nutrition, one with the transfer of nutrients across the placenta and the other with the energy requirements of term and preterm infants. Another dicusses methods of assessing the nutritional status of hospitalized patients. vii Contents Chapter 1. The Transfer of Nutrients across the Perfused Human Placenta ................................... . Joseph Dands 1. Introduction................................. 1 2. Comments on Comparative Placentology . . . . . . . . . . .• . . 1 . 3. The Perfusion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 . . . . 4. Review of Transfer Experiments .................... 3 4.1. Transfer of Glutamic Acid .................... 3 4.2. Transfer of Riboflavin .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . 6 . . . 5. Potentials and Umltations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 9 . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10 . . . . . .

Volume 7 of Advances in Nutritional Research continues the theme of this series in providing authoritative accounts of the current state of knowledge regarding major topics of research in the nutritional sciences. The topics have been selected for their interest to researchers, students, and teachers in medicine, agriculture, and the various branches of the biological sciences which relate to nutritional health. The authenticity of the accounts is assured by the widely recognized contributions of the authors to research on their respective topics. vii Contents 1 Chapter 1. Food Allergy ........... . David J. Pearson and Alison McKee 1. Introduction............................... 1.1. General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Classification of Adverse Reactions to Foods . . . . . . .. . . 2 1.3. Classification and Time Course of Allergic Reactions . . . .. 4 2. The Atopic Syndrome ......................... 5 2.1. Atopy ............................... 5 2.2. IgE (Reaginic) Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6 . . 3. The Diagnosis of Food Allergy .................... 8 3.1. Provocative Feeding Tests .................... 8 3.2. Skin Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3. Measurement of Specific Antibodies 10 3.3.1. IgE Antibodies ... 10 3.3.2. Non-IgE Antibodies . . . . . 11 3.4. Controversial Techniques . . . . . . 11 3.5. Summary of Diagnostic Procedures .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 12 4. Clinical Food Allergic Syndromes. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13 . 4.1. Classical Reaginic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 13 . . 4.1.1. Presenting Complaints .................. 13 4.1.2. Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 13 . . . .

This volume of Advances in Nutritional Research focuses on colostrum and milk as agents of defense against infection both for the suckling offspring and for the lactating mammary gland. The scope of the volume includes positive and negative influences of the consumption of mother's milk on the risk of infec­ tion, immunobiological roles of individual milk components, activities of milk and its components in promoting development of neonatal immunocompetence, the potential of milk and its components as therapeutic agents and as functional foods that support immune competence, and external influences that determine the immunological activity of milk. The volume is intended to provide a critical assessment of the limits of available information pertaining to humans and animals, together with authoritative comment regarding newer directions and unproven ideas. Part I provides a foundation for the volume. Readers unfamiliar with immunology will find, in Chapter 1, a selective outline of the anatomy and ontogeny of the mammalian immune system and of the types and regulation of immune defenses in mammals. Some emphasis is given to the place of the mammary gland within the common mucosal defense system, and to important species peculiarities in this regard. Chapter 2 is an authoritative and forward­ looking perspective on the development of knowledge pertaining to the immuno­ biology of milk as a fluid with both anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory roles. The chapter poses the provocative possibility of a tolerogenic role for milk.

This volume continues the theme established in Volume 1 of providing a con­ spectus of the current state of knowledge on topics of active nutritional re­ search. It is the aim of the editors, through this series, to assist investigators in keeping abreast of developments in fields other than their own and to provide a source of reference materials for use in graduate teaching. In addition, general reviews will be published occasionally on fields of less active current research interest which have not been reviewed recently elsewhere. The quality of the contributions to Volumes 1 and 2, and of the manuscripts scheduled for publication in future volumes, gives assurance that Advances in Nutritional Research will be an asset to those engaged in research and teaching in the broad field of the nutritional sciences. vii Contents Chapter 1. Regulation of Energy Metabolism in Ruminants ...... 1 Ransom Leland Baldwin and Nathan Elbert Smith 1. Introduction ............................................. .

Volume 4 of Advances in Nutritional Research reflects the increased importance that recently has been attached to nutrition in many fields of clinical medicine. This heightened interest in nutrition stems from the demonstration that the intake of specific nutrients may have far-reaching consequences, not only for normal metabolism, but also for metabolic processes affecting clinical or subclinical disease. Conversely, many disease states have been shown to have previously unrecognized effects on nutrient function and metabolism. In addition to topics of obvious relevance to human clinical nutrition, this volume contains chapters dealing with the nutrition of cells grown in culture and of species that may provide insights into nutritional disorders of man. To­ gether with its predecessors, Volume 4 provides graduate students and estab­ lished investigators with authoritative accounts of the status of research on a range of topics of current interest in experimental and clinical nutrition. vii Contents Chapter 1. Vitamin-Responsive Genetic Abnormalities .......... . S. Harvey Mudd 1. Introduction.............................................. 1 2. Historical Perspective ...................................... 2 3. Genetic Abnormalities Currently Known to Be Vitamin Responsive. 3 4. Mechanisms Underlying Vitamin Responsiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Defects in the Processing of a Vitamin Prior to Its Interaction in Cofactor Form with a Particular Apoenzyme ........ 7 4.2. Defects in Particular Apoenzymes that Interact with the Cofactor Forms of Vitamins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . .

Volume 5 of Advances in Nutritional Research reflects a strong current interest in the relationship between nutrition and disease. The impact of disease on nutritional status is described for hepatic encephalopathy and cancer and for several ailments of hospitalized children. The impact of nutrition on disease is illustrated using the examples of retinol in tumorigenesis, vitamins A and E in inflammatory lung disease, fatty acids in atherogenesis and obesity, and folate in megaloblastic anemia. The contents will be of particular interest to clinicians and to students of nutritional biochemistry. vii Contents Chapter 1. Nutritional Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy ... Robert H. Bower and Josef E. Fischer 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Nature of Hepatic Encephalopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.1. The Ammonia Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.2. The Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Nutritional Support in Hepatic Insufficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. 1. Therapeutic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Therapeutic Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Experiments in Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5. Experience with Patients in Hepatic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.1. Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy........................ 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter2. Cellular Retinol-and Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins... 13 Frank Chytil and David E. Ong 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Cellular Retinol-and Retinoic Acid-Binding Proteins . . . . . . . . . . 13 . 2.1. Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Binding Proteins in Cultured Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . 4. Binding Proteins in Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . 4.1. Binding Proteins in Experimental Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . 4.2. Binding Proteins in Human Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix x Contents Chapter 3. Nutrition and 3-Methylindole-lnduced Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .