Cairo Papers in Social Science - Böcker
Visar alla böcker i serien Cairo Papers in Social Science. Handla med fri frakt och snabb leverans.
30 produkter
30 produkter
Political Economy of the New Egyptian Republic
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 33, No. 4
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A collection of studies looking at social and political changes following Egypt's 2011 RevolutionEgypt is a country of its people. What has been the effect on its inhabitants of the 2011 revolution and subsequent developments? In 2013, a conference held under the auspices of Cairo Papers in Social Science examined this issue from the points of view of anthropologists, historians, political scientists, psychologists, and urban planners. The papers collected here reveal the strategies that various actors employed in this situation.ContributorsZeinab Abul-Magd, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USAYasmine Ahmed, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, EgyptDeena Abdelmonem, independent scholar, Cairo, EgyptSandrine Gamblin, European Universities in Egypt, Cairo, EgyptEllis Goldberg (d. 2019), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAClement M. Henry, University of Singapore, SingaporeDina Makram-Ebeid, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, EgyptHans Christian Korsholm Nielsen, Danish–Egyptian Dialogue Institute, Cairo, EgyptDavid Sims, economist and urban planner, Cairo, Egypt
International Migration in the Euro-Mediterranean Region
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 35, No. 2
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A multilayered, multidisciplinary examination of migration in the Euro-Mediterranean region during two centuriesThis issue of Cairo Papers takes up the various dimensions of migration and refugees in the Euro-Mediterranean region over different periods in the last two centuries. It looks at both the migration of waves of Italians and Greeks to Egypt from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, and at migration from the Arab southern and eastern rims of the Mediterranean to Europe starting in the twenty-first century. The disciplines of history, sociology, anthropology, and political science have been mobilized to undertake the research its chapters embody. They address the history of migration in the region, relations between Mediterranean countries of origin and their diasporas, the impact of interest groups on the formulation of migration policies in countries of destination, and the policies for integration of recent flows arriving in Europe. The chapters are based on papers delivered at Cairo Papers 25th annual symposium in collaboration with the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies.
Understanding the Public Sector in Egyptian Cinema: A State Venture
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 35, No. 3
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Public and government attitudes to the role of the public sector in Egyptian cinemaIn 1957 the public sector in Egyptian cinema was established, followed shortly by the emergence of public-sector film production in 1960, only to end eleven years later, in 1971. Assailed with negativity since its demise, if not earlier, this state adventure in film production was dismissed as a complete failure, financially, administratively and, most importantly, artistically. Although some scholars have sporadically commented on the role played by this sector, it has not been the object of serious academic research aimed at providing a balanced, nuanced general assessment of its overall impact.This issue of Cairo Papers hopes to address this gap in the literature on Egyptian cinema. After discussion of the role played by the public sector in trying to alleviate the financial crisis that threatened the film industry, this study investigates whether there was a real change in the general perception of the cinema, and the government’s attitude toward it, following the June 1967 Arab–Israeli war.
On Friendship between the No Longer and the Not Yet: An Ethnographic Account
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 35, No. 4
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
400 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
An ethnographic study of the contemporary meanings, forms, and purposes of friendship among young EgyptiansThere is a great deal to be said about ideas and imaginations of the “future” when one does not have the luxury of maintaining a slot in the present. In the midst of acute conditions of precarity and structural violences and vulnerabilities of different forms (political, economic, social, infrastructural) and magnitudes, Egyptians find ways to adapt and adjust, even experiment, with different arrangements and forms of connectedness.By following, tracing, and accompanying friends and networks of friendship in and across Egypt’s two biggest cities, Cairo and Alexandria, this ethnographic account aims to highlight some of the contemporary meanings, forms, and purposes of friendship among young Egyptians with the aim of renewing and reviving the question, “What can friendships do?”Against a backdrop of conditions of precarity and the ruins of finance capitalism, this study examines the manifestations of how the relationship of friendship manages to re-invent and re-define itself. Moreover, it asks whether new modes of relationality, companionship, and intimacy can be cultivated and practiced given the current neoliberal conditions of living. The questions that this study attempts to open up are focused on the re-workings, reconfigurations, and re-makings of practices of sociality and intimacy between friends.
Biographies of Port Said: Everydayness of State, Dwellers, and Strangers
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 36, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A study of how the city of Port Said was created, and its spaces mutually produced and transformed through the practices of both dwellers and the stateFounded in 1859, as part of the Suez Canal project and named after Khedive Said, the city of Port Said has always stood at the juncture of global, national, and local networks of forces, the city itself a reflection of many layers of Egypt’s modern history, from its colonial past through to the eras of national liberation and neoliberalism.Drawing on Bruno Latour’s and Henri Lefebvre’s conceptual works, this study examines how the ‘social’ (encompassing all aspects of human life—the political, the economic, and the social) of the city of Port Said was created, and how its spaces were mutually produced and transformed through the practices of both dwellers and the state. Looking also at the temporality of these processes, Mostafa Mohie examines three key moments: al-tahgir (the forced migration that followed the outbreak of the 1967 war and remained until 1974, when Port Saidians were permitted to return to their homes following the 1973 October War); the declaration of the free trade zone in the mid-1970s; and the Port Said Stadium massacre in 2012.
Egyptian Hip-Hop: Expressions from the Underground
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 34, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A study of rap in Egypt as a multi-layered form of expressionThis ethnographic study of the Egyptian underground hip-hop scene examines the artists who collectively molded the scene and analyzes their practices and explores how these artists have interacted with and responded to political and social upheaval and change. It reveals how rappers approached and reformulated the genre in times of revolution and stasis to reveal how rap acts as a multi-layered form of expression. More specifically, it examines the location of the art form within the broader history of oppositional cultural expression in Egypt, outlining the artists’ oppositions to various hegemonic structures and critically deconstructing them to reveal that they often reflect dominant ideology.
Sports and Society in the Middle East
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 34, No. 2
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
389 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A set of studies looking at the history, politics, and sociology of sports in the Arab worldThe sociology of sports in the Middle East has been neglected compared to other world regions. This volume aspires to encourage a greater focus on this topic. Here are assembled papers that discuss various aspects of this subject. As it happens all deal with football (soccer) largely in Egypt but including other Middle Eastern countries. Some are historically or politically oriented while others take a more sociological approach. Papers deal with the relation between organized sports and fans, with the special place of youngsters and women in sports, or with the role of sports in a more general understanding of culture and society as indicators of modernization and other facets of social change. Sportive competitions arouse keen passions around such issues as gender, class, and nationality, while they raise questions about leadership on and off the field, and about the economic impact of the games. The topic needs more research.Contributors:Deena Abdelmonem Zeinab Abul-MagdYasmine AhmedSandrine GamblinEllis GoldbergNicholas S. HopkinsClement M. HenryHans Christian Korsholm NielsenDina Makram-EbeidDavid Sims
Organizing the Unorganized: Migrant Domestic Workers in Lebanon
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 34, No. 3
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
402 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A study of workers' rights in a non-unionized field in Lebanon This study examines the process of unionizing domestic workers in Lebanon, highlighting the potentialities as well as the obstacles confronting it, and looks at the multiple power relations involved through axes of class, gender, race, and nationality. The author situates this struggle within the larger scene of the labor union ‘movement’ in the country, and discusses the contribution of women's rights organizations in rendering visible cases of abuse against migrant domestic workers. She argues that the 'death' of class politics has made women's rights organizations address migrant domestic worker issues as a separate labor category, further contributing to their production as an 'exception' under neoliberalism.
402 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
A new collection of essays on food production and distribution in the Arab world and their sociocultural and political implicationsIn recent years, the food question has been a central concern for politicians, economists, international organizations, activists and NGOs alike, as well as social scientists at large. This interest has emerged from the global food crisis and its impact on the environment and the political economy and security of the global south, as well as the expansion of scholarly studies relating food issues to agrarian questions with the objective of developing theoretical frameworks that would allow for a critical analysis of the current food issues at historical, cultural, social, political and economic levels.In this context, Cairo Papers organized its 2016 symposium around the food question in the Middle East. Papers in this collection address the food question from both its food and agricultural aspects, and approach it as the site of political and economic conflicts, as the means of sociocultural control and distinction, and as the expression of national and ethnic identities. ContributorsHabib Ayeb, Université Paris VIII à St-Denis, Saint Denis, FranceHala N. Barakat, freelance environmentalist and food researcher, Cairo, EgyptEllis Goldberg (d. 2019), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAChristian Henderson, Leiden University, Leiden, The NetherlandsKhaled Mansour, independent writer and consultant, Cairo, EgyptSaker El Nour, independent researcher, Free University Berlin, Berlin, GermanySara Pozzi, independent scholar, Manchester, UKSara El Sayed, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
Oral History in Times of Change: Gender, Documentation, and the Making of Archives
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 35, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
414 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Challenges, opportunities, and methodological issues in the creation of oral history archives in the Arab worldOral history archives have always been at the forefront of liberatory social movements in general, and of feminist movement in particular. Until the end of the twentieth century in the Arab world, archives of women’s oral narratives were almost non-existent with the exception of small documentation efforts tied to individual research. However, since 2011, there has been a marked increase in the documentation of projects.In this context, the Women and Memory Forum organized a conference in 2015 about the challenges of creating gender sensitive oral history archives in times of change. The papers in this collection shed light on documentation initiatives in Arab countries in transitional and conflict situations, in addition to international experiences. They engage with questions around archives and power, the challenges and opportunities presented by new technologies to the making and preserving of archives, ethical concerns in the construction of archives, women’s archives and the production of alternative knowledge, as well as conceptual and methodological issues in oral history.CONTRIBUTORS: Faiha Abdulhadi, Sondra Hale, Manal Hamzeh, Maissan Hassan, Nahawand El Kaderi Issa, Diana Magdy, Jean Said Makdisi, Noor Nieftagodien, Rafif Saidawy, Lucine Taminian, Stephen Urgola
Pioneering Feminist Anthropology in Egypt: Selected Writings from Cynthia Nelson
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 28, No. 2/3
Häftad, Engelska, 2007
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Cynthia Nelson was an outstanding professor of anthropology at AUC and the founding director of the Institute of Gender and Women’s Studies. This collection of her essays, which highlight her distinguished scholarly career, is grouped under three main themes: phenomenology and the meaning of religious phenomena in Egypt; women, power, and politics in the Middle East; and the politics and ethics of location. Cynthia Nelson was the editor of the first Cairo Papers monograph in 1977: thirty years later, this issue marks her legacy to the humanistic and social scientific understanding of Egypt, a legacy balanced by the enormous institutional contributions she made to establishing feminist anthropology in Egypt. Cairo Papers Vol. 28, No. 2
Creating Families Across Boundaries: A Case Study of Romanian–Egyptian Mixed Marriages
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 28, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2007
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Based on unstructured interviews with thirteen Romanian–Egyptian couples presently living in Cairo, this study focuses on three interrelated aspects of these mixed marriages: the contexts that allowed the formation of the mixed families; the practices in which the couples engage in terms of household organization, gender relations, and kinship; and the role of religion in the lives of the mixed couples and how both the men and women position themselves in this regard. Cairo Papers Vol. 28, No. 1
Crossing Borders, Shifting Boundaries
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 29, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2008
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This monograph centers on the effort to understand the issue of return migration to Palestine from a sociological point of view. Six papers examine various human situations among Palestinians, ranging from villages that have been divided by borders such as the Green Line to populations of Palestinian origin that have been cut off from their roots in Palestine and are now seeking to establish their lives elsewhere. The common theme is the role of borders and boundaries—those that people seek to cross and those that the wider political processes establish around existing populations. Cairo Papers Vol. 29, No. 1.
Roses in Salty Soil: Women and Depression in Egypt Today
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 28, No. 4
Häftad, Engelska, 2008
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This study aims to fill a research gap in the phenomenology of Egyptian women’s experiences and perceptions of affective suffering and psycho-social distress. Deconstructing disciplinary boundaries, it presents a cross-cultural insight into the interplay among women, culture, and psychological illness, and examines illness triggers, prevalent hierarchies of resort, and common treatment results. Cairo Papers Vol. 28, No. 4.
Political and Social Protest in Egypt
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 29, No. 2/3
Häftad, Engelska, 2008
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Cairo Papers in Social Science first appeared in 1977, the year that witnessed the famous bread riots in Egypt. As the journal celebrates its 30th anniversary, Egypt also seems to be at a crossroads, as new forms of protest have been developing with the aim of challenging the existing order and inducing change. This issue includes a collection of papers delivered at Cairo Papers 30th Anniversary Symposium that deal with the different protest groups that have been active in Egypt in the last three decades, including the Kefaya movement, the Negm-Imam phenomenon, the feminist movement, Coptic activism, and the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as workers' protests, rural resistance, and the judges' call for reform. Cairo Papers Vol. 29, No. 2/5
Child Protection Policies in Egypt: A Rights-Based Approach
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 30, No. 1
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This study seeks to provide a critical analysis of child protection policies in Egypt and examine whether these policies are based on the rights-based model of child protection that is embodied in the Convention for Child Rights (CRC). It identifies the ways in which these policies fail to link child rights and child protection and thus are unable to provide integrated and accessible services that meet children’s needs. Cairo Papers in Social Science 30:1
Experience of Protest: Masculinity and Agency Among Sudanese Refugees in Cairo
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 29, No. 4
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
In the autumn of 2005, a group of young male Sudanese refugees organized a protest against the policies of the UNHCR in Cairo. Using the protest as a vehicle for exploring the difficulties encountered by young Sudanese men, and their motivations for initiating or joining the protest, this study examines the ways in which pursuit of personal and collective agency intersect with ideals of masculine respectability and attainment.Cairo Papers in Social Science 29:4
Farthest Place: Social Boundaries in an Egyptian Desert Community
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 30, No. 2
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This ethnographic account of a conglomerate of Egyptian villages in the Western Desert, envisaged as a government project to resettle populations from the Nile Valley and Delta, looks at how Abu Minqar’s existence is contingent upon social and spatial networks that reach beyond the boundaries of the physical community. Through marriage, spatial distribution, and agricultural practices, social spaces become apparent and illustrate the unbounded nature of Abu Minqar and the role of various networks in constituting its everyday experiences of pasts, presents, and futures.
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
While sacred spaces cannot be narrowed down to particular forms or meanings, they do in their meanings and functions express fundamental values and principles, and in doing so, they perform the work of religion itself. This issue is made up of a collection of essays on the various meanings, functions, and negations of sacred space in Egypt as well as the Middle and Near East. It is divided into three parts: meanings and functions of contemporary sacred spaces, historical perspectives on sacred space, and sacred space in literature and philosophy.
Law as a Tool for Empowering Women within Marital Relations: A Case Study of Paternity Lawsuits in Egypt
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 31, No. 2
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
310 kr
Tillfälligt slut
How do women use courts within the context of paternity lawsuits? This study analyzes the challenges that the formal legal approach to empowering women faces once it is translated into everyday socio-legal experiences and court repertoires. It also seeks to trace the pathologies inherent in personal status law reform and normal legal practices in Egypt, attesting to the limitations of law as an agent of social change in the private domain of the family. It mainly sheds light on the difficulties of separating formal legal rules from informal social practices. It also explores the problem of paternity claims in Egypt. Adding to growing literature on the use of legal mobilization to advance gender equity, this study offers insights on the often-neglected role of social norms in court experiences, often leading to unexpected consequences that sometimes defy the intended goals behind policies and legislation.
Visual Productions of Knowledge: Toward a Different Middle East
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 31, No. 3/4
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This collection of essays builds on presentations and debates that were part of Cairo Papers 19th Annual Symposium, “Sights of Knowledge: Debates about Visual Production in the Middle East,” held in spring 2010. It also integrates commissioned contributions by other authors to reflect the wide scope of visual productions and engagements with and about the Middle East. Of special significance is a paper that deals with the 25 January Revolution and the visual productions and effects thereof. How was the revolution experienced through the visual production of everyday life on the square? And how and what forms of visual engagements allow us to tell different façades of experiences and demands that occasioned the revolution? Cairo Papers in Social Science 31:3/4
Agrarian Transformation in the Arab World: Persistent and Emerging Challenges
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 32, No. 2
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This collection of essays revisits agrarian transformation in Arab countries in the light of new realities and emerging challenges. Apart from the urgency of the deepening food crisis, such realities include environmental challenges, changes in consumption and life-style choices, and a new set of rules governing the conditions of access to resources. The issue investigates the commonality and diversity in the current processes of agrarian transformation, based on empirical case studies from different Arab countries.
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This study critically analyzes the paradigms and practices of planning in Egypt since 1952. It interrogates the politics of national and physical planning while tracing the ideas that informed the establishment of new settlements in the country across the regimes of Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak. Based on primary and secondary data, the study argues that under Nasser, plans often diverged from their blueprints and revealed the myth of 'technical objectivity' that underpinned the planning industry. It outlines the program of new settlements under Sadat and unveils the systematic exclusion of planners from decision-making apparatuses while institutionalizing 'profit-opportunism' in favor of private interests. The study then demonstrates the decline of planning under Mubarak and its emergence into a 'special purpose vehicle' in service of real estate developments associated with neoliberal shifts of the economy and skewed toward resource and privilege concentration in the hands of a few, thus further exacerbating uneven spatial morphologies.
Femininity and Dance in Egypt: Embodiment and Meaning in al-Raqs al-Baladi
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 32, No. 3
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
359 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Considering the paradoxical position of al-raqs al-baladi or “belly dance” in Egyptian social life, as both a vibrant and a contested cultural form, this issue of Cairo Papers in Social Science considers the impact of wider socio-cultural and political forces on the marginalization of professional performers, on the one hand, and in defining the parameters for non-professional performances on the other hand. Through interviews with professional and non-professional female dancers in Egypt, it explores the relationship between al-raqs al-baladi and the dynamic cultural repertoire that produces notions of femininity and normative personhood in Egypt. As a dance that Egyptians learn in childhood, it exposes the cardinal relationship between culture and body movement. The study received the Magda al-Nowaihi Award for best graduate work on gender studies in 2010. Cairo Papers in Social Science 32/3
Masculinities in Egypt and the Arab World
Historical, Literary, and Social Science Perspectives
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
359 kr
Tillfälligt slut
While reflecting upon the Arab Spring, the essays in this collection cover several themes that include utilizing the concept of hegemonic masculinity in productive ways, the role of the state in promoting certain types of masculinities while devaluing and disciplining others, the potential role of feminism and activism in influencing masculinities, and the effects of colonialism, nationalism and postcolonialism, as well as war and violence. Presenting cases from Egypt, Lebanon, and Tunisia, they seek to humanize, contextualize, and historicize masculinities to particular times and places in the Middle East.
Church in the Square
Negotiations of Religion and Revolution at an Evangelical Church in Cairo
Häftad, Engelska, 2015
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
In the wake of the 25 January 2011 popular uprisings, youth and leaders from the Kasr el Dobara Evangelical Church, the largest Protestant congregation in the Middle East, situated just behind Tahrir Square embarked on new, unpredictable political projects. This ethnography seeks to elucidate the ways that youth and leaders utilized religious imagery and discourse and relational networks in order to carve out a place in the Egyptian public sphere regarding public religion, national belonging, and the ideal citizen.
359 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Anthropology as a discipline came to Egypt around 1900, as foreign anthropologists reported home on the culture they found. Gradually the intellectual approach was influenced by the functionalist school, stressing that a society consists of interlocking parts. As Egyptians took the lead in anthropology, in the 1930s, the discipline entered into the debate about the need to reform Egyptian society and culture especially in the rural areas, against a general background of functionalism. This approach dominated through the 1960s, when there was a break in Egypt because of the Six-Day War and in world anthropology because of the emergence of new intellectual models. This study traces the evolution of anthropology in Egypt through the stories of its practitioners such as Blackman, Galal, Evans-Pritchard, Hocart, Abbas Ammar, Hamid Ammar, Berque, Abou Zeid, el Hamamsy, Uways, and their contemporaries, showing their challenges and accomplishments.
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
Looking at encounters of European travelers with Egypt in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this collection of essays focuses on the experience of the less well known travelers and institutions.Contributors include: Lisa Bernasek, Briony Llewellyn, A.J. Mills, Charles Newton, John David Regan, John Rodenbeck, John Ruffle, Sarah Searight, Nicholas Warner.Vol. 23 No. 2
Palestinian and Israeli Nationalism: Identity Politics and Education in Jerusalem
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 25, No. 4
Häftad, Engelska, 2004
337 kr
Tillfälligt slut
This study suggests that the combined impact of the experience of Israeli occupation and the pedagogical uses of Palestinian nationalism, as well as the nationalist content of Israeli education, is likely to encourage attitudes in Jerusalem children that will prolong conflict between the two peoples. Cairo Papers Vol. 25, no. 4.
Cultural Dynamics in Contemporary Egypt
Cairo Papers in Social Science Vol. 27, No. 1/2
Häftad, Engelska, 2006
349 kr
Tillfälligt slut
From the politics of food to images in the media, this double issue of Cairo Papers in Social Science focuses on a wide array of emerging cultural patterns in modern-day Egypt and their social, political, and economic ramifications. All the contributions are based on papers delivered at the Cairo Papers Thirteenth Annual Symposium in May 2004, and cover four broad areas: media and language, Islamic marketing, taste and public space, and food and markets. Contributors include Ray Bush (‘Staying Hungry: Food Politics in Egypt and the Near East’), Sami Zubaida (‘Food: Egypt and the Middle East’), Lilia Labidi (‘Truth Claims in the Cartoon World of Nagui Kamel’), Madiha Doss (‘Cultural Dynamics and Linguistic Practice in Contemporary Egypt’), Huda Lutfi (‘Mulid Culture in Cairo: The Case of al-Sayyida A’isha’), Maha Abdelrahman (‘Divine Consumption: Islamic Goods in Egypt’), Iman A. Hamdy (‘Watch for the Devil: Israel in Egyptian Movies and Soap Operas’), Malak S. Rouchdy (‘Food Recipes and the Kitchen Space: The Construction of Social Identities and New Frontiers’), and Reem Saad (‘Transforming the Meaning and Value of Traditional Crafts in Egypt’). Cairo Papers Vol. 27, nos. 1 & 2.