Carus Mathematical Monographs – serie

Inequalities from Complex Analysis is a careful, friendly exposition of inequalities and positivity conditions for various mathematical objects arising in complex analysis. The author begins by defining the complex number field, and then discusses enough mathematical analysis to reach recently published research on positivity conditions for functions of several complex variables. The development culminates in complete proofs of a stabilization theorem relating two natural positivity conditions for real-valued polynomials of several complex variables. The reader will also encounter the Bergman kernel function, Fourier series, Hermitian linear algebra, the spectral theorem for compact Hermitian operators, plurisubharmonic functions, and some delightful inequalities. Numerous examples, exercises, and discussions of geometric reasoning appear along the way. Undergraduate mathematics majors who have seen elementary real analysis can easily read the first five chapters of this book, and second year graduate students in mathematics can read the entire text. Some physicists and engineers may also find the topics and discussions useful. The inequalities and positivity conditions herein form the foundation for a small but beautiful part of complex analysis. ohn P. D'Angelo was the 1999 winner of the Bergman Prize; he was cited for several important contributions to complex analysis, including his work on degenerate Levi forms and points of finite type, as well as work, some joint with David Catlin, on positivity conditions in complex analysis.

Ergodic Theory of Numbers looks at the interaction between two fields of mathematics: number theory and ergodic theory (as part of dynamical systems). It is an introduction to the ergodic theory behind common number expansions, like decimal expansions, continued fractions, and many others. However, its aim does not stop there. For undergraduate students with sufficient background knowledge in real analysis and graduate students interested in the area, it is also an introduction to a ""dynamical way of thinking"". The questions studied here are dynamical as well as number theoretical in nature, and the answers are obtained with the help of ergodic theory. Attention is focused on concepts like measure-preserving, ergodicity, natural extension, induced transformations, and entropy. These concepts are then applied to familiar expansions to obtain old and new results in an elegant and straightforward manner. What it means to be ergodic and the basic ideas behind ergodic theory will be explained along the way. The subjects covered vary from classical to recent, which makes this book appealing to researchers as well as students.

Randomness and Recurrence in Dynamical Systems aims to bridge a gap between undergraduate teaching and the research level in mathematical analysis. It makes ideas on averaging, randomness, and recurrence, which traditionally require measure theory, accessible at the undergraduate and lower graduate level. The author develops new techniques of proof and adapts known proofs to make the material accessible to students with only a background in elementary real analysis. Over 60 figures are used to explain proofs, provide alternative viewpoints and elaborate on the main text. The book explains further developments in terms of measure theory. The results are presented in the context of dynamical systems, and the quantitative results are related to the underlying qualitative phenomena - chaos, randomness, recurrence and order. The final part of the book introduces and motivates measure theory and the notion of a measurable set, and describes the relationship of Birkhoff's Individual Ergodic Theorem to the preceding ideas. Developments in other dynamical systems are indicated, in particular L vy's result on the frequency of occurence of a given digit in the partial fractions expansion of a number.

Tikhonov regularization is the most popular general-purpose method for regularization, a mathematical technique to suppress the effect of noise in data, and uses much of the machinery of Hilbert space theory. This book develops the theory of Tikhonov regularization for a certain class of linear inverse problems which are defined on Hilbert spaces. To explain why and how Tikhonov regularization works, the singular value expansion for compact operators is introduced. Tikhonov regularization with seminorms is also analyzed and for this purpose, densely defined unbounded operators are addressed and their basic properties presented. In addition, the author provides readers with a quick but thorough review of Hilbert space theory and a brief introduction to weak derivatives and Sobolev spaces. Intended as an expository work for those interested in inverse problems and Tikhonov regularization, including graduates and researchers, the author presents the theory in an engaging and straightforward style.

Several optical phenomena can occur when the sun is near the horizon, some of which can actually be seen, for instance as a dark strip in the middle of the solar disk, or as a green flash. These are a result of the way the atmosphere affects the geometry of light rays. In this book, Broer uses the Fermat principle to deduce laws for refraction and reflection. By expressing these as conservation laws, he can handle both the case of inhomogeneous layers of air and the case of continuous variation in the refraction index. Building from this elementary theory, more advanced mathematical theories are discussed, including how the Fermat Principle leads to a Riemannian metric whose geodesics are the paths of light rays, thus demonstrating the physical applicability of Riemannian geometry. Intended for teachers and professors to enlighten their courses, or for students and researchers in mathematics, science and engineering.

Mathematicians delight in finding surprising connections between seemingly disparate areas of mathematics. Whole domains of modern mathematics have arisen from exploration of such connections--consider analytic number theory or algebraic topology. Finding Ellipses is a delight-filled romp across a three-way unexpected connection between complex analysis, linear algebra, and projective geometry.The book begins with Blaschke products, complex-analytic functions that are generalizations of disk automorphisms. In the analysis of Blaschke products, we encounter, in a quite natural way, an ellipse inside the unit disk. The story continues by introducing the reader to Poncelet's theorem--a beautiful result in projective geometry that ties together two conics and, in particular, two ellipses, one circumscribed by a polygon that is inscribed in the second. The Blaschke ellipse and the Poncelet ellipse turn out to be the same ellipse, and the connection is illuminated by considering the numerical range of a $2 \times 2$ matrix. The numerical range is a convex subset of the complex plane that contains information about the geometry of the transformation represented by a matrix. Through the numerical range of $n \times n$ matrices, we learn more about the interplay between Poncelet's theorem and Blaschke products.The story ranges widely over analysis, algebra, and geometry, and the exposition of the deep and surprising connections is lucid and compelling. Written for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students, this book would be the perfect vehicle for an invigorating and enlightening capstone exploration. The exercises and collection of extensive projects could be used as an embarkation point for a satisfying and rich research project.You are invited to read actively using the accompanying interactive website, which allows you to visualize the concepts in the book, experiment, and develop original conjectures.

John Horton Conway's unique approach to quadratic forms was the subject of the Hedrick Lectures that he gave in August of 1991 at the Joint Meetings of the Mathematical Association of America and the American Mathematical Society in Orono, Maine. This book presents the substance of those lectures.The book should not be thought of as a serious textbook on the theory of quadratic forms. It consists rather of a number of essays on particular aspects of quadratic forms that have interested the author. The lectures are self-contained and will be accessible to the generally informed reader who has no particular background in quadratic form theory. The minor exceptions should not interrupt the flow of ideas. The afterthoughts to the lectures contain discussion of related matters that occasionally presuppose greater knowledge.

Field Theory and its Classical Problems lets Galois theory unfold in a natural way, beginning with the geometric construction problems of antiquity, continuing through the construction of regular $n$-gons and the properties of roots of unity, and then on to the solvability of polynomial equations by radicals and beyond. The logical pathway is historic, but the terminology is consistent with modern treatments. No previous knowledge of algebra is assumed. Notable topics treated along this route include the transcendence of $e$ and $\pi$, cyclotomic polynomials, polynomials over the integers, Hilbert's irreducibility theorem, and many other gems in classical mathematics. Historical and bibliographical notes complement the text, and complete solutions are provided to all problems.

Algebra and Tiling is accessible to undergraduate mathematics majors, as most of the tools necessary to read the book are found in standard upper division algebra courses, but teachers, researchers, and professional mathematicians will find the book equally appealing. Beginners will find the exercises and the appendices especially useful. The unsolved problems will challenge both beginners and experts. The book could serve as the basis of an undergraduate or graduate seminar or a source of applications to enrich an algebra or geometry course.

A Panorama of Harmonic Analysis treats the subject of harmonic analysis, from its earliest beginnings to the latest research. Following both an historical and a conceptual genesis, the book discusses Fourier series of one and several variables, the Fourier transform, spherical harmonics, fractional integrals, and singular integrals on Euclidean space. The climax of the book is a consideration of the earlier ideas from the point of view of spaces of homogeneous type. The book culminates with a discussion of wavelets-one of the newest ideas in the subject. A Panorama of Harmonic Analysis is intended for graduate students, advanced undergraduates, mathematicians, and anyone wanting to get a quick overview of the subject of cummutative harmonic analysis. Applications are to mathematical physics, engineering and other parts of hard science. Required background is calculus, set theory, integration theory, and the theory of sequences and series.

This is a revised, updated, and significantly augmented edition of a classic Carus Monograph (a bestseller for over 25 years) on the theory of functions of a real variable. Earlier editions of this classic Carus Monograph covered sets, metric spaces, continuous functions, and differentiable functions. The fourth edition adds sections on measurable sets and functions, the Lebesgue and Stieltjes integrals, and applications. The book retains the informal chatty style of the previous editions, remaining accessible to readers with some mathematical sophistication and a background in calculus. The book is, thus, suitable either for self-study or for supplemental reading in a course on advanced calculus or real analysis. Not intended as a systematic treatise, this book has more the character of a sequence of lectures on a variety of interesting topics connected with real functions. Many of these topics are not commonly encountered in undergraduate textbooks: e.g., the existence of continuous everywhere-oscillating functions (via the Baire category theorem); the universal chord theorem; two functions having equal derivatives, yet not differing by a constant; and application of Stieltjes integration to the speed of convergence of infinite series. This book recaptures the sense of wonder that was associated with the subject in its early days. It is a must for mathematics libraries.

This book traces a remarkable path of mathematical connections through seemingly disparate topics. Frustrations with a 1940's electro-mechanical computer at a premier research laboratory begin this story. Subsequent mathematical methods of encoding messages to ensure correctness when transmitted over noisy channels lead to discoveries of extremely efficient lattice packings of equal-radius balls, especially in 24-dimensional space. In turn, this highly symmetric lattice, with each point neighboring exactly 196,560 other points, suggested the possible presence of new simple groups as groups of symmetries. Indeed, new groups were found and are now part of the ""Enormous Theorem""--the classification of all simple groups whose entire proof runs some 10,000+ pages--and these connections, along with the fascinating history and the proof of the simplicity of one of those ""sporatic"" simple groups, are presented at an undergraduate mathematical level.

Noncommutative Rings provides a cross-section of ideas, techniques, and results that give the reader an idea of that part of algebra which concerns itself with noncommutative rings. In the space of 200 pages, Herstein covers the Jacobson radical, semisimple rings, commutativity theorems, simple algebras, representations of finite groups, polynomial identities, Goldie's theorem, and the Golod-Shafarevitch theorem. Almost every practicing ring theorist has studied portions of this classic monograph.

Erdos asked how many distinct distances must there be in a set of $n$ points in the plane. Falconer asked a continuous analogue, essentially asking what is the minimal Hausdorff dimension required of a compact set in order to guarantee that the set of distinct distances has positive Lebesgue measure in $R$. The finite field distance problem poses the analogous question in a vector space over a finite field. The problem is relatively new but remains tantalizingly out of reach. This book provides an accessible, exciting summary of known results. The tools used range over combinatorics, number theory, analysis, and algebra. The intended audience is graduate students and advanced undergraduates interested in investigating the unknown dimensions of the problem. Results available until now only in the research literature are clearly explained and beautifully motivated. A concluding chapter opens up connections to related topics in combinatorics and number theory: incidence theory, sum-product phenomena, Waring's problem, and the Kakeya conjecture.

Combinatorics, or the art and science of counting, is a vibrant and active area of pure mathematical research with many applications. The Unity of Combinatorics succeeds in showing that the many facets of combinatorics are not merely isolated instances of clever tricks but that they have numerous connections and threads weaving them together to form a beautifully patterned tapestry of ideas. Topics include combinatorial designs, combinatorial games, matroids, difference sets, Fibonacci numbers, finite geometries, Pascal's triangle, Penrose tilings, error-correcting codes, and many others. Anyone with an interest in mathematics, professional or recreational, will be sure to find this book both enlightening and enjoyable.Few mathematicians have been as active in this area as Richard Guy, now in his eighth decade of mathematical productivity. Guy is the author of over 300 papers and twelve books in geometry, number theory, graph theory, and combinatorics. In addition to being a life-long number-theorist and combinatorialist, Guy's co-author, Ezra Brown, is a multi-award-winning expository writer. Together, Guy and Brown have produced a book that, in the spirit of the founding words of the Carus book series, is accessible ""not only to mathematicians but to scientific workers and others with a modest mathematical background.