Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences – serie
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169 produkter
Del 141 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Graphs on Surfaces and Their Applications
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
2 161 kr
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Graphs drawn on two-dimensional surfaces have always attracted researchers by their beauty and by the variety of difficult questions to which they give rise. The theory of such embedded graphs, which long seemed rather isolated, has witnessed the appearance of entirely unexpected new applications in recent decades, ranging from Galois theory to quantum gravity models, and has become a kind of a focus of a vast field of research. The book provides an accessible introduction to this new domain, including such topics as coverings of Riemann surfaces, the Galois group action on embedded graphs (Grothendieck's theory of "dessins d'enfants"), the matrix integral method, moduli spaces of curves, the topology of meromorphic functions, and combinatorial aspects of Vassiliev's knot invariants and, in an appendix by Don Zagier, the use of finite group representation theory. The presentation is concrete throughout, with numerous figures, examples (including computer calculations) and exercises, and should appeal to both graduate students and researchers.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
1 084 kr
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Most probability problems involve random variables indexed by space and/or time. These problems almost always have a version in which space and/or time are taken to be discrete. This volume deals with areas in which the discrete version is more natural than the continuous one, perhaps even the only one than can be formulated without complicated constructions and machinery. The 5 papers of this volume discuss problems in which there has been significant progress in the last few years; they are motivated by, or have been developed in parallel with, statistical physics. They include questions about asymptotic shape for stochastic growth models and for random clusters; existence, location and properties of phase transitions; speed of convergence to equilibrium in Markov chains, and in particular for Markov chains based on models with a phase transition; cut-off phenomena for random walks. The articles can be read independently of each other. Their unifying theme is that of models built on discrete spaces or graphs. Such models are often easy to formulate. Correspondingly, the book requires comparatively little previous knowledge of the machinery of probability.
Del 1 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Dynamical Systems I
Ordinary Differential Equations and Smooth Dynamical Systems
Inbunden, Engelska, 1988
1 082 kr
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From the reviews: "The reading is very easy and pleasant for the non-mathematician, which is really noteworthy. The two chapters enunciate the basic principles of the field, ... indicate connections with other fields of mathematics and sketch the motivation behind the various concepts which are introduced.... What is particularly pleasant is the fact that the authors are quite successful in giving to the reader the feeling behind the demonstrations which are sketched. Another point to notice is the existence of an annotated extended bibliography and a very complete index. This really enhances the value of this book and puts it at the level of a particularly interesting reference tool. I thus strongly recommend to buy this very interesting and stimulating book." Journal de Physique
Del 12 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Topology I
General Survey
Inbunden, Engelska, 1995
1 082 kr
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Introduction In the present essay, we attempt to convey some idea of the skeleton of topology, and of various topological concepts. It must be said at once that, apart from the necessary minimum, the subject-matter of this survey does not indude that subdiscipline known as "general topology" - the theory of general spaces and maps considered in the context of set theory and general category theory. (Doubtless this subject will be surveyed in detail by others. ) With this qualification, it may be daimed that the "topology" dealt with in the present survey is that mathematieal subject whieh in the late 19th century was called Analysis Situs, and at various later periods separated out into various subdisciplines: "Combinatorial topology", "Algebraic topology", "Differential (or smooth) topology", "Homotopy theory", "Geometrie topology". With the growth, over a long period of time, in applications of topology to other areas of mathematics, the following further subdisciplines crystallizedout: the global calculus of variations, global geometry, the topology of Lie groups and homogeneous spaces, the topology of complex manifolds and alge braic varieties, the qualitative (topologieal) theory of dynamical systems and foliations, the topology of elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations. Finally, in the 1970s and 80s, a whole complex of applications of topologie al methods was made to problems of modern physiesj in fact in several instances it would have been impossible to understand the essence of the real physical phenomena in question without the aid of concepts from topology.
Del 5 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Dynamical Systems V
Bifurcation Theory and Catastrophe Theory
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
1 084 kr
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Bifurcation theory and catastrophe theory are two well-known areas within the field of dynamical systems. Both are studies of smooth systems, focusing on properties that seem to be manifestly non-smooth. Bifurcation theory is concerned with the sudden changes that occur in a system when one or more parameters are varied. Examples of such are familiar to students of differential equations, from phase portraits. Understanding the bifurcations of the differential equations that describe real physical systems provides important information about the behavior of the systems. Catastrophe theory became quite famous during the 1970's, mostly because of the sensation caused by the usually less than rigorous applications of its principal ideas to "hot topics", such as the characterization of personalities and the difference between a "genius" and a "maniac". Catastrophe theory is accurately described as singularity theory and its (genuine) applications. The authors of this book, previously published as Volume 5 of the Encyclopaedia, have given a masterly exposition of these two theories, with penetrating insight.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
868 kr
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This volume of the Encyclopaedia contains four parts each ofwhich being an informative survey of a topic in the field ofseveral complex variables. Thefirst deals with residuetheory and its applications to integrals depending onparameters, combinatorial sums and systems of algebraicequations. The second part contains recent results incomplex potential theory and the third part treats functiontheory in the unit ball covering research of the last twentyyears. The latter part includes an up-to-date account ofresearch related to a list of problems, which was publishedby Rudin in 1980. The last part of the book treats complex analysis in thefuturetube. The future tube is an important concept inmathematical physics, especially in axiomatic quantum fieldtheory, and it is related to Penrose'swork on "the complexgeometry of the real world". Researchers and graduate students in complex analysis andmathematical physics will use thisbook as a reference andas a guide to exciting areas of research.
Del 16 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Dynamical Systems VII
Integrable Systems Nonholonomic Dynamical Systems
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
1 084 kr
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This book is another volume in the successful subseries "Dynamical Systems" of the Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences. It focuses on new developments in the field of integrable systems and it provides a unique and comprehensive survey on new differential geometric and Lie-algebraic methods. Since other literature on these topics is often rather unreadable, this volume will be an indispensable guide to the current research which no mathematician or theoretical physicist who is interested in this field can do without.
Del 15 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Commutative Harmonic Analysis I
General Survey. Classical Aspects
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
1 084 kr
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This volume is the first in the series devoted to the commutative harmonic analysis, a fundamental part of the contemporary mathematics. The fundamental nature of this subject, however, has been determined so long ago, that unlike in other volumes of this publication, we have to start with simple notions which have been in constant use in mathematics and physics. Planning the series as a whole, we have assumed that harmonic analysis is based on a small number of axioms, simply and clearly formulated in terms of group theory which illustrate its sources of ideas. However, our subject cannot be completely reduced to those axioms. This part of mathematics is so well developed and has so many different sides to it that no abstract scheme is able to cover its immense concreteness completely. In particular, it relates to an enormous stock of facts accumulated by the classical "trigonometric" harmonic analysis. Moreover, subjected to a general mathematical tendency of integration and diffusion of conventional intersubject borders, harmonic analysis, in its modem form, more and more rests on non-translation invariant constructions. For example, one ofthe most signifi cant achievements of latter decades, which has substantially changed the whole shape of harmonic analysis, is the penetration in this subject of subtle techniques of singular integral operators.
Del 20 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Lie Groups and Lie Algebras I
Foundations of Lie Theory Lie Transformation Groups
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
1 084 kr
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From the reviews: "..., the book must be of great help for a researcher who already has some idea of Lie theory, wants to employ it in his everyday research and/or teaching, and needs a source for customary reference on the subject. From my viewpoint, the volume is perfectly fit to serve as such a source, ... On the whole, it is quite a pleasure, after making yourself comfortable in that favourite office armchair of yours, just to keep the volume gently in your hands and browse it slowly and thoughtfully; and after all, what more on Earth can one expect of any book?" The New Zealand Mathematical Society Newsletter"... Both parts are very nicely written and can be strongly recommended." European Mathematical Society
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
1 084 kr
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Part I of this book is a short review of the classical part of representation theory. The main chapters of representation theory are discussed: representations of finite and compact groups, finite- and infinite-dimensional representations of Lie groups. It is a typical feature of this survey that the structure of the theory is carefully exposed - the reader can easily see the essence of the theory without being overwhelmed by details. The final chapter is devoted to the method of orbits for different types of groups. Part II deals with representation of Virasoro and Kac-Moody algebra. The second part of the book deals with representations of Virasoro and Kac-Moody algebra. The wealth of recent results on representations of infinite-dimensional groups is presented.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 838 kr
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"Introduction to Modern Number Theory" surveys from a unified point of view both the modern state and the trends of continuing development of various branches of number theory. Motivated by elementary problems, the central ideas of modern theories are exposed. Some topics covered include non-Abelian generalizations of class field theory, recursive computability and Diophantine equations, zeta- and L-functions. This substantially revised and expanded new edition contains several new sections, such as Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, and relevant techniques coming from a synthesis of various theories. Moreover, the authors have added a part dedicated to arithmetical cohomology and noncommutative geometry, a report on point counts on varieties with many rational points, the recent polynomial time algorithm for primality testing, and some others subjects.From the reviews of the 2nd edition:"… For my part, I come to praise this fine volume. This book is a highly instructive read … the quality, knowledge, and expertise of the authors shines through. … The present volume is almost startlingly up-to-date ..." (A. van der Poorten, Gazette, Australian Math. Soc. 34 (1), 2007)
Del 132 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Algebraic Transformation Groups and Algebraic Varieties
Proceedings of the conference Interesting Algebraic Varieties Arising in Algebraic Transformation Group Theory held at the Erwin Schrödinger Institute, Vienna, October 22–26, 2001
Inbunden, Engelska, 2004
1 084 kr
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The book covers topics in the theory of algebraic transformation groups and algebraic varieties which are very much at the frontier of mathematical research.
Del 87 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Control Theory from the Geometric Viewpoint
Inbunden, Engelska, 2004
1 730 kr
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This book presents some facts and methods of the Mathematical Control Theory treated from the geometric point of view. The book is mainly based on graduate courses given by the first coauthor in the years 2000-2001 at the International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy. Mathematical prerequisites are reduced to standard courses of Analysis and Linear Algebra plus some basic Real and Functional Analysis. No preliminary knowledge of Control Theory or Differential Geometry is required. What this book is about? The classical deterministic physical world is described by smooth dynamical systems: the future in such a system is com pletely determined by the initial conditions. Moreover, the near future changes smoothly with the initial data. If we leave room for "free will" in this fatalistic world, then we come to control systems. We do so by allowing certain param eters of the dynamical system to change freely at every instant of time. That is what we routinely do in real life with our body, car, cooker, as well as with aircraft, technological processes etc. We try to control all these dynamical systems! Smooth dynamical systems are governed by differential equations. In this book we deal only with finite dimensional systems: they are governed by ordi nary differential equations on finite dimensional smooth manifolds. A control system for us is thus a family of ordinary differential equations. The family is parametrized by control parameters.
Del 142 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Surfaces in 4-Space
Inbunden, Engelska, 2004
1 407 kr
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Surfaces in 4-Space, written by leading specialists in the field, discusses knotted surfaces in 4-dimensional space and surveys many of the known results in the area. Results on knotted surface diagrams, constructions of knotted surfaces, classically defined invariants, and new invariants defined via quandle homology theory are presented. The last chapter comprises many recent results, and techniques for computation are presented. New tables of quandles with a few elements and the homology groups thereof are included.This book contains many new illustrations of knotted surface diagrams. The reader of the book will become intimately aware of the subtleties in going from the classical case of knotted circles in 3-space to this higher dimensional case.As a survey, the book is a guide book to the extensive literature on knotted surfaces and will become a useful reference for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and physics.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2004
1 838 kr
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What is Dynamics about? In broad terms, the goal of Dynamics is to describe the long term evolution of systems for which an "infinitesimal" evolution rule is known. Examples and applications arise from all branches of science and technology, like physics, chemistry, economics, ecology, communications, biology, computer science, or meteorology, to mention just a few. These systems have in common the fact that each possible state may be described by a finite (or infinite) number of observable quantities, like position, velocity, temperature, concentration, population density, and the like. Thus, m the space of states (phase space) is a subset M of an Euclidean space M . Usually, there are some constraints between these quantities: for instance, for ideal gases pressure times volume must be proportional to temperature. Then the space M is often a manifold, an n-dimensional surface for some n < m. For continuous time systems, the evolution rule may be a differential eq- tion: to each state x G M one associates the speed and direction in which the system is going to evolve from that state. This corresponds to a vector field X(x) in the phase space. Assuming the vector field is sufficiently regular, for instance continuously differentiable, there exists a unique curve tangent to X at every point and passing through x: we call it the orbit of x.
Del 133 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Projective Duality and Homogeneous Spaces
Inbunden, Engelska, 2004
1 515 kr
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Projective duality is a very classical notion naturally arising in various areas of mathematics, such as algebraic and differential geometry, combinatorics, topology, analytical mechanics, and invariant theory, and the results in this field were until now scattered across the literature. Thus the appearance of a book specifically devoted to projective duality is a long-awaited and welcome event.Projective Duality and Homogeneous Spaces covers a vast and diverse range of topics in the field of dual varieties, ranging from differential geometry to Mori theory and from topology to the theory of algebras. It gives a very readable and thorough account and the presentation of the material is clear and convincing. For the most part of the book the only prerequisites are basic algebra and algebraic geometry. This book will be of great interest to graduate and postgraduate students as well as professional mathematicians working in algebra, geometry and analysis.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 082 kr
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This solid volume discusses all the key topics in detail, including classification, orbit structure, representations, universal constructions, and abstract analogues. Open problems are discussed as they arise and many useful exercises are included.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 190 kr
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Multiplicative invariant theory, as a research area in its own right within the wider spectrum of invariant theory, is of relatively recent vintage. The present text offers a coherent account of the basic results achieved thus far..Multiplicative invariant theory is intimately tied to integral representations of finite groups. Therefore, the field has a predominantly discrete, algebraic flavor. Geometry, specifically the theory of algebraic groups, enters through Weyl groups and their root lattices as well as via character lattices of algebraic tori.Throughout the text, numerous explicit examples of multiplicative invariant algebras and fields are presented, including the complete list of all multiplicative invariant algebras for lattices of rank 2.The book is intended for graduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers in integral representation theory, commutative algebra and, mostly, invariant theory.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
1 835 kr
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§22. K-theory 230 A. Topological X-theory 230 Vector bundles and the functor Vec(X). Periodicity and the functors KJX). K(X) and t the infinite-dimensional linear group. The symbol of an elliptic differential operator. The index theorem. B. Algebraic K-theory 234 The group of classes of projective modules. K , K and K of a ring. K of a field and o l n 2 its relations with the Brauer group. K-theory and arithmetic. Comments on the Literature 239 References 244 Index of Names 249 Subject Index 251 Preface This book aims to present a general survey of algebra, of its basic notions and main branches. Now what language should we choose for this? In reply to the question 'What does mathematics study?', it is hardly acceptable to answer 'structures' or 'sets with specified relations'; for among the myriad conceivable structures or sets with specified relations, only a very small discrete subset is of real interest to mathematicians, and the whole point of the question is to understand the special value of this infinitesimal fraction dotted among the amorphous masses. In the same way, the meaning of a mathematical notion is by no means confined to its formal definition; in fact, it may be rather better expressed by a (generally fairly small) sample of the basic examples, which serve the mathematician as the motivation and the substantive definition, and at the same time as the real meaning of the notion.
Del 3 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Mathematical Aspects of Classical and Celestial Mechanics
Inbunden, Engelska, 2006
2 373 kr
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In this book we describe the basic principles, problems, and methods of cl- sical mechanics. Our main attention is devoted to the mathematical side of the subject. Although the physical background of the models considered here and the applied aspects of the phenomena studied in this book are explored to a considerably lesser extent, we have tried to set forth ?rst and foremost the “working” apparatus of classical mechanics. This apparatus is contained mainly in Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, and 8. Chapter 1 is devoted to the basic mathematical models of classical - chanics that are usually used for describing the motion of real mechanical systems. Special attention is given to the study of motion with constraints and to the problems of realization of constraints in dynamics. In Chapter 3 we discuss symmetry groups of mechanical systems and the corresponding conservation laws. We also expound various aspects of ord- reduction theory for systems with symmetries, which is often used in appli- tions. Chapter 4 is devoted to variational principles and methods of classical mechanics. They allow one, in particular, to obtain non-trivial results on the existence of periodic trajectories. Special attention is given to the case where the region of possible motion has a non-empty boundary. Applications of the variational methods to the theory of stability of motion are indicated.
Del 122 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Operator Algebras
Theory of C*-Algebras and von Neumann Algebras
Inbunden, Engelska, 2005
2 158 kr
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This volume attempts to give a comprehensive discussion of the theory of operator algebras (C*-algebras and von Neumann algebras. ) The volume is intended to serve two purposes: to record the standard theory in the Encyc- pedia of Mathematics, and to serve as an introduction and standard reference for the specialized volumes in the series on current research topics in the subject. Since there are already numerous excellent treatises on various aspects of thesubject,howdoesthisvolumemakeasigni?cantadditiontotheliterature, and how does it di?er from the other books in the subject? In short, why another book on operator algebras? The answer lies partly in the ?rst paragraph above. More importantly, no other single reference covers all or even almost all of the material in this volume. I have tried to cover all of the main aspects of “standard” or “clas- cal” operator algebra theory; the goal has been to be, well, encyclopedic. Of course, in a subject as vast as this one, authors must make highly subjective judgments as to what to include and what to omit, as well as what level of detail to include, and I have been guided as much by my own interests and prejudices as by the needs of the authors of the more specialized volumes.
Del 121 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Cyclic Homology in Non-Commutative Geometry
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
1 084 kr
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Cyclic homology was introduced in the early eighties independently by Connes and Tsygan. They came from different directions. Connes wanted to associate homological invariants to K-homology classes and to describe the index pair ing with K-theory in that way, while Tsygan was motivated by algebraic K-theory and Lie algebra cohomology. At the same time Karoubi had done work on characteristic classes that led him to study related structures, without however arriving at cyclic homology properly speaking. Many of the principal properties of cyclic homology were already developed in the fundamental article of Connes and in the long paper by Feigin-Tsygan. In the sequel, cyclic homology was recognized quickly by many specialists as a new intriguing structure in homological algebra, with unusual features. In a first phase it was tried to treat this structure as well as possible within the traditional framework of homological algebra. The cyclic homology groups were computed in many examples and new important properties such as prod uct structures, excision for H-unital ideals, or connections with cyclic objects and simplicial topology, were established. An excellent account of the state of the theory after that phase is given in the book of Loday.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
1 407 kr
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The original Russian edition of this book is the fifth in my series "Lectures on Geometry. " Therefore, to make the presentation relatively independent and self-contained in the English translation, I have added supplementary chapters in a special addendum (Chaps. 3Q-36), in which the necessary facts from manifold theory and vector bundle theory are briefly summarized without proofs as a rule. In the original edition, the book is divided not into chapters but into lec tures. This is explained by its origin as classroom lectures that I gave. The principal distinction between chapters and lectures is that the material of each chapter should be complete to a certain extent and the length of chapters can differ, while, in contrast, all lectures should be approximately the same in length and the topic of any lecture can change suddenly in the middle. For the series "Encyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences," the origin of a book has no significance, and the name "chapter" is more usual. Therefore, the name of subdivisions was changed in the translation, although no structural surgery was performed. I have also added a brief bibliography, which was absent in the original edition. The first ten chapters are devoted to the geometry of affine connection spaces. In the first chapter, I present the main properties of geodesics in these spaces. Chapter 2 is devoted to the formalism of covariant derivatives, torsion tensor, and curvature tensor. The major part of Chap.
Del 67 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Dynamical Systems X
General Theory of Vortices
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
1 623 kr
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The English teach mechanics as an experimental science, while on the Continent, it has always been considered a more deductive and a priori science. Unquestionably, the English are right. * H. Poincare, Science and Hypothesis Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton As is well known, the basic principles of dynamics were stated by New ton in his famous work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, whose publication in 1687 was paid for by his friend, the astronomer Halley. In essence, this book was written with a single purpose: to prove the equivalence of Kepler's laws and the assumption, suggested to Newton by Hooke, that the acceleration of a planet is directed toward the center of the Sun and decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the planet and the Sun. For this, Newton needed to systematize the principles of dynamics (which is how Newton's famous laws appeared) and to state the "theory of fluxes" (analysis of functions of one variable). The principle of the equality of an action and a counteraction and the inverse square law led Newton to the theory of gravitation, the interaction at a distance. In addition, New ton discussed a large number of problems in mechanics and mathematics in his book, such as the laws of similarity, the theory of impact, special vari ational problems, and algebraicity conditions for Abelian integrals. Almost everything in the Principia subsequently became classic. In this connection, A. N.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
2 161 kr
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Since its inception by von Neumann 70 years ago, the theory of operator algebras has become a rapidly developing area of importance for the understanding of many areas of mathematics and theoretical physics. Accessible to the non-specialist, this first part of a three volume treatise provides a clear, carefully written survey that emphasizes the theory's analytical and topological aspects.The book's unifying theme is the Banach space duality for operator algebras. This allows the reader to recognize the affinity between operator algebras and measure theory on locally compact spaces. Very technical sections are clearly labeled and there are extensive comments by the author, a good historical background and excercises.This book is part of the subseries of the EMS on Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
1 084 kr
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to the Encyclopaedia Subseries on Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry The theory of von Neumann algebras was initiated in a series of papers by Murray and von Neumann in the 1930's and 1940's. A von Neumann algebra is a self-adjoint unital subalgebra M of the algebra of bounded operators of a Hilbert space which is closed in the weak operator topology. According to von Neumann's bicommutant theorem, M is closed in the weak operator topology if and only if it is equal to the commutant of its commutant. Afactor is a von Neumann algebra with trivial centre and the work of Murray and von Neumann contained a reduction of all von Neumann algebras to factors and a classification of factors into types I, II and III. C* -algebras are self-adjoint operator algebras on Hilbert space which are closed in the norm topology. Their study was begun in the work of Gelfand and Naimark who showed that such algebras can be characterized abstractly as involutive Banach algebras, satisfying an algebraic relation connecting the norm and the involution. They also obtained the fundamental result that a commutative unital C* -algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of complex valued continuous functions on a compact space - its spectrum. Since then the subject of operator algebras has evolved into a huge mathematical endeavour interacting with almost every branch of mathematics and several areas of theoretical physics.
Del 127 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Theory of Operator Algebras III
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 943 kr
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to the Encyclopaedia Subseries on Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry The theory of von Neumann algebras was initiated in a series of papers by Murray and von Neumann in the 1930's and 1940's. A von Neumann algebra is a self-adjoint unital subalgebra M of the algebra of bounded operators of a Hilbert space which is closed in the weak operator topology. According to von Neumann's bicommutant theorem, M is closed in the weak operator topology if and only if it is equal to the commutant of its commutant. A factor is a von Neumann algebra with trivial centre and the work of Murray and von Neumann contained a reduction of all von Neumann algebras to factors and a classification of factors into types I, II and III. C* -algebras are self-adjoint operator algebras on Hilbert space which are closed in the norm topology. Their study was begun in the work of Gelfand and Naimark who showed that such algebras can be characterized abstractly as involutive Banach algebras, satisfying an algebraic relation connecting the norm and the involution. They also obtained the fundamental result that a commutative unital C* -algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of complex valued continuous functions on a compact space - its spectrum. Since then the subject of operator algebras has evolved into a huge mathematical endeavour interacting with almost every branch of mathematics and several areas of theoretical physics.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 943 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
to the Encyclopaedia Subseries on Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry The theory of von Neumann algebras was initiated in a series of papers by Murray and von Neumann in the 1930's and 1940's. A von Neumann algebra is a self-adjoint unital subalgebra M of the algebra of bounded operators of a Hilbert space which is closed in the weak operator topology. According to von Neumann's bicommutant theorem, M is closed in the weak operator topology if and only if it is equal to the commutant of its commutant. A factor is a von Neumann algebra with trivial centre and the work of Murray and von Neumann contained a reduction of all von Neumann algebras to factors and a classification of factors into types I, IT and III. C* -algebras are self-adjoint operator algebras on Hilbert space which are closed in the norm topology. Their study was begun in the work of Gelfand and Naimark who showed that such algebras can be characterized abstractly as involutive Banach algebras, satisfying an algebraic relation connecting the norm and the involution. They also obtained the fundamental result that a commutative unital C* -algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of complex valued continuous functions on a compact space - its spectrum. Since then the subject of operator algebras has evolved into a huge mathematical endeavour interacting with almost every branch of mathematics and several areas of theoretical physics.
Del 131 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Algebraic Quotients. Torus Actions and Cohomology. The Adjoint Representation and the Adjoint Action
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 082 kr
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This is the second volume of the new subseries "Invariant Theory and Algebraic Transformation Groups". The aim of the survey by A. Bialynicki-Birula is to present the main trends and achievements of research in the theory of quotients by actions of algebraic groups. This theory contains geometric invariant theory with various applications to problems of moduli theory. The contribution by J. Carrell treats the subject of torus actions on algebraic varieties, giving a detailed exposition of many of the cohomological results one obtains from having a torus action with fixed points. Many examples, such as toric varieties and flag varieties, are discussed in detail. W.M. McGovern studies the actions of a semisimple Lie or algebraic group on its Lie algebra via the adjoint action and on itself via conjugation. His contribution focuses primarily on nilpotent orbits that have found the widest application to representation theory in the last thirty-five years.
Del 140 - Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences
Invariants of Homology 3-Spheres
Inbunden, Engelska, 2002
1 513 kr
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Homology 3-sphere is a closed 3-dimensional manifold whose homology equals that of the 3-sphere. These objects may look rather special but they have played an outstanding role in geometric topology for the past fifty years. The book gives a systematic exposition of diverse ideas and methods in the area, from algebraic topology of manifolds to invariants arising from quantum field theories. The main topics covered are constructions and classification of homology 3-spheres, Rokhlin invariant, Casson invariant and its extensions, including invariants of Walker and Lescop, Herald and Lin invariants of knots, and equivariant Casson invariants, Floer homology and gauge-theoretical invariants of homology cobordism. Many of the topics covered in the book appear in monograph form for the first time. The book gives a rather broad overview of ideas and methods and provides a comprehensive bibliography. It will be appealing to both graduate students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics.