Gas discharges and non-equilibrium low-temperature plasmas form the basis for most plasma technologies. This book introduces engineering and science students to the basic underlying physics and chemistry concepts that form the foundation of plasma science and engineering. It is an accessible primer directed primarily at those students who are unaware what a plasma or gas discharge is, nor have fundamental backgrounds in statistical thermodynamics, gas dynamics, fluid dynamics, or solid-state physics to effectively understand many plasma and gas discharge principles.

The second edition covers additional topics such as gas breakdown leading to plasma initiation and the formation of sheaths, and discusses these within the context of a basic description of the most common plasma type, a dc glow discharge.

This text is suitable for upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, and young researchers in physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering with interest in plasma science and engineering.

Key Features:

Essentials of Nucleosynthesis and Theoretical NuclearAstrophysics provides a concise summary of the most important concepts and equationsrelated to nucleosynthesis and theoretical nuclear astrophysics and is a suitable basis for a graduate course on thesetopics.

Designed specifically for students of solid-state physics or engineering, this book introduces recent discoveries in carbon materials and demonstrates how these breakthroughs are useful to students' studies. The abundance of carbon coupled with its remarkable chemistry make the element unique and essential to life and the universe. This book offers a succinct introduction to the synthesis of carbon materials, their allotropes and the impact these have had on developmental science. By providing a uniquely encompassing and interlinked overview of carbon science, this text aids the reader in understanding the importance of carbon and how little we know about this mysterious but prevalent atom.

Designed to support candidates through the training and examination scheme of bodies such as the Royal College of Radiologists, this text focuses on the aspects of anatomy that are most relevant to the achievement of fellowship status. There are chapters devoted to the anatomy of the head and neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, and the musculoskeletal system, and each consists of a series of questions typical of those found on the fellowship exams.

This book provides an understanding of emerging methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials and how they can be translated into new green approaches to manufacturing. Starting with an introduction to the principles of green chemistry and engineering, the text highlights the special properties that nanomaterials possess, their applications, and ways to characterise them. It then describes conventional methods of synthesising and manufacturing inorganic nanomaterials and introduces biological and biomimetic/bioinspired synthetic methods as a more effective and sustainable manufacturing route. Two case studies of magnetic and silica materials are also provided for advanced readers. Green Nanomaterials is an insightful reference text for researchers in the field of synthetic biology and nanomaterials. It is an essential title for postgraduates and final-year undergraduates studying advanced materials, sustainable engineering or environmental chemistry.

Modeling has provided not only answers to questions related to normal or pathological function, but also predicted multiple adaptations of the total and individual dynamic structures that are included in cardiovascular research. The original idea of this book was to produce a textbook to be used for the course "Modeling in Biomechanics and Mechanobiology", which is oriented to artificial organs and tissue engineering at Buenos Aires University, Argentina. This book brings together the challenges and experiences of academic scientists, leading engineers, industry researchers and students to enable them to analyse results of all aspects of biomechanics and biomedical engineering. It also provides a springboard to discuss the practical challenges and to propose solutions on this complex subject.

Extragalactic Novae: A historical perspective takes the reader on a journey chronicling the study of a class of eruptive variable stars known as "Novae Stella", Latin for "New Stars". These mysterious transient objects, now referred to simply as novae, have been recognized since antiquity, suddenly appearing in the night sky before slowly fading back into obscurity. The book begins with a brief introduction to the early observations, including an overview of the role that novae played in the birth of extragalactic astronomy, and concludes with a discussion of how nova observations over the past century have contributed to our knowledge of close binary star populations in nearby galaxies. Along the way, the history of our understanding of the nova phenomena, in the Milky Way and beyond, is unveiled. In particular, the author describes how the enigmatic nova eruptions were finally realized to be the result of thermonuclear runaways on the surfaces of accreting white dwarf stars, how a controversial correlation between a nova's peak luminosity and its rate of decline (the MMRD relation) has been used in extragalactic distance determinations, and how recent observations have bolstered the case that novae may form a significant channel for the production of type Ia supernovae. These topics, and more, are recounted by an observer who has spent the past 35 years studying these fascinating objects.

This book provides readers with numerical analysis techniques to model the magnetisation of bulk superconductors based on the finite element method. Applications of magnetised bulk superconductors are wide ranging in engineering due to their greatly enhanced magnetic field compared to conventional magnets. Their uses include rotating electric machines, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems and magnetic separation. Numerical modelling is a particularly important and cost-effective method to guide both superconducting material processing and practical device design. It has been used successfully to interpret experimental results and the physical behaviour and properties of bulk superconductors during their various magnetisation processes, to predict and propose new magnetisation techniques and to design and predict the performance of bulk superconductor-based devices.

The necessary fundamentals of bulk superconducting materials, how to model these and their various magnetisation processes are presented along with an in-depth summary of the current state-of-the-art in the field, and example models, implemented in the software package COMSOL Multiphysics®, are provided so that readers may carry out modelling of their own.

Design and Shielding of Radiotherapy Treatment Facilities provides readers with a single point of reference for protection advice to the construction and modification of radiotherapy facilities. The book assembles a faculty of national and international experts on all modalities including megavoltage and kilovoltage photons, brachytherapy and high-energy particles, and on conventional and Monte Carlo shielding calculations. This book is a comprehensive reference for qualified experts and radiation-shielding designers in radiation physics and also useful to anyone involved in the design of radiotherapy facilities.

This book is a comprehensive summary of military training range management strategies from around the world. Included are global case studies on the environmental impact of live ammunition and their remediation techniques. The text will equip practitioners with the tools to reduce remediation costs, enhance public perception, and promote environmental best practice.

Graphene nanoribbons are the basic element of many nanoscale devices. Numerous studies have already been performed on fundamental research to explore their properties from theoretical and experimental points of view. With applicative studies now taking over the fundamental studies, leading editors and authors in the field review the fundamental properties and the current device technology in this book.

Theoretical properties of graphene nanoribbons are introduced before concentrating on different fabrication methods and their properties out of different experimental characterizations. Finally, the text explores the perspectives of graphene nanoribbons for electronic transport.

This is a one-stop handbook for researchers wanting to further utilise graphene nanoribbons, and it is also a valuable reference text for any interested materials and surface scientists.

An ideal reference for graduate students and researchers within electrical, electronics and computer engineering, this book provides a rigorous, theoretical and mathematical analysis for the design of pipelined ADCs, along with detailed practical aspects of implementing it in very large-scale integration (VLSI). In each chapter a unique fault diagnosis technique for pipelined ADC has been proposed.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the body's immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord, causing debilitating side effects that last a lifetime for those affected. There is currently no cure.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS because of its ability to depict the pathological features of the disease in high detail. Over the past few decades, MRI-based visualization of demyelinated CNS lesions has become pivotal to the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. In recent years, newer MR imaging technologies, including higher-field-strength MR units, have been developed to analyse the overall MS damage and highlight potential mechanisms of recovery in patients at different stages of the disease.

Written by experts in the field, this first volume covers all imaging techniques applied to the analysis of MS, including the physics of CT/MR neurological imaging, MR MS, and miscellaneous MR neurological applications.

More than two million people worldwide were affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) in 2015, with rates varying widely among different populations. This book explores the basics of MS, which is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Written by experts in the field, this second volume includes illustrative figures and valuable references, and will be useful for researchers, students and practitioners in the industry.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two significant neurological disorders, which represent the scope of this book. Both ASD and AD affect a significant number of the population and present in numerous ways. This volume covers the state-of-the-art topics that investigate these two significant neurological disorders from a theoretical perspective and focuses on the practical aspects. Materials are presented in a way that can be beneficial to advanced and layman readers and several cutting-edge machine learning techniques for the early diagnosis of ASD are presented in this book. Also, various studies are discussed to demonstrate the formation, cause, and medical treatments for the AD foetal disorder.

Gas discharges and non-equilibrium low-temperature plasmas form the basis for most plasma technologies. This book introduces engineering and science students to the basic underlying physics and chemistry concepts that form the foundation of plasma science and engineering. It is an accessible primer directed primarily at those students who are unaware what a plasma or gas discharge is, nor have fundamental backgrounds in statistical thermodynamics, gas dynamics, fluid dynamics, or solid-state physics to effectively understand many plasma and gas discharge principles.

The second edition covers additional topics such as gas breakdown leading to plasma initiation and the formation of sheaths, and discusses these within the context of a basic description of the most common plasma type, a dc glow discharge.

This text is suitable for upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, and young researchers in physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering with interest in plasma science and engineering.

Key Features:

Essentials of Nucleosynthesis and Theoretical NuclearAstrophysics provides a concise summary of the most important concepts and equationsrelated to nucleosynthesis and theoretical nuclear astrophysics and is a suitable basis for a graduate course on thesetopics.

Designed specifically for students of solid-state physics or engineering, this book introduces recent discoveries in carbon materials and demonstrates how these breakthroughs are useful to students' studies. The abundance of carbon coupled with its remarkable chemistry make the element unique and essential to life and the universe. This book offers a succinct introduction to the synthesis of carbon materials, their allotropes and the impact these have had on developmental science. By providing a uniquely encompassing and interlinked overview of carbon science, this text aids the reader in understanding the importance of carbon and how little we know about this mysterious but prevalent atom.

Designed to support candidates through the training and examination scheme of bodies such as the Royal College of Radiologists, this text focuses on the aspects of anatomy that are most relevant to the achievement of fellowship status. There are chapters devoted to the anatomy of the head and neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, and the musculoskeletal system, and each consists of a series of questions typical of those found on the fellowship exams.

This book provides an understanding of emerging methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials and how they can be translated into new green approaches to manufacturing. Starting with an introduction to the principles of green chemistry and engineering, the text highlights the special properties that nanomaterials possess, their applications, and ways to characterise them. It then describes conventional methods of synthesising and manufacturing inorganic nanomaterials and introduces biological and biomimetic/bioinspired synthetic methods as a more effective and sustainable manufacturing route. Two case studies of magnetic and silica materials are also provided for advanced readers. Green Nanomaterials is an insightful reference text for researchers in the field of synthetic biology and nanomaterials. It is an essential title for postgraduates and final-year undergraduates studying advanced materials, sustainable engineering or environmental chemistry.

Modeling has provided not only answers to questions related to normal or pathological function, but also predicted multiple adaptations of the total and individual dynamic structures that are included in cardiovascular research. The original idea of this book was to produce a textbook to be used for the course "Modeling in Biomechanics and Mechanobiology", which is oriented to artificial organs and tissue engineering at Buenos Aires University, Argentina. This book brings together the challenges and experiences of academic scientists, leading engineers, industry researchers and students to enable them to analyse results of all aspects of biomechanics and biomedical engineering. It also provides a springboard to discuss the practical challenges and to propose solutions on this complex subject.

Extragalactic Novae: A historical perspective takes the reader on a journey chronicling the study of a class of eruptive variable stars known as "Novae Stella", Latin for "New Stars". These mysterious transient objects, now referred to simply as novae, have been recognized since antiquity, suddenly appearing in the night sky before slowly fading back into obscurity. The book begins with a brief introduction to the early observations, including an overview of the role that novae played in the birth of extragalactic astronomy, and concludes with a discussion of how nova observations over the past century have contributed to our knowledge of close binary star populations in nearby galaxies. Along the way, the history of our understanding of the nova phenomena, in the Milky Way and beyond, is unveiled. In particular, the author describes how the enigmatic nova eruptions were finally realized to be the result of thermonuclear runaways on the surfaces of accreting white dwarf stars, how a controversial correlation between a nova's peak luminosity and its rate of decline (the MMRD relation) has been used in extragalactic distance determinations, and how recent observations have bolstered the case that novae may form a significant channel for the production of type Ia supernovae. These topics, and more, are recounted by an observer who has spent the past 35 years studying these fascinating objects.

This book provides readers with numerical analysis techniques to model the magnetisation of bulk superconductors based on the finite element method. Applications of magnetised bulk superconductors are wide ranging in engineering due to their greatly enhanced magnetic field compared to conventional magnets. Their uses include rotating electric machines, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems and magnetic separation. Numerical modelling is a particularly important and cost-effective method to guide both superconducting material processing and practical device design. It has been used successfully to interpret experimental results and the physical behaviour and properties of bulk superconductors during their various magnetisation processes, to predict and propose new magnetisation techniques and to design and predict the performance of bulk superconductor-based devices.

The necessary fundamentals of bulk superconducting materials, how to model these and their various magnetisation processes are presented along with an in-depth summary of the current state-of-the-art in the field, and example models, implemented in the software package COMSOL Multiphysics®, are provided so that readers may carry out modelling of their own.

Design and Shielding of Radiotherapy Treatment Facilities provides readers with a single point of reference for protection advice to the construction and modification of radiotherapy facilities. The book assembles a faculty of national and international experts on all modalities including megavoltage and kilovoltage photons, brachytherapy and high-energy particles, and on conventional and Monte Carlo shielding calculations. This book is a comprehensive reference for qualified experts and radiation-shielding designers in radiation physics and also useful to anyone involved in the design of radiotherapy facilities.

This book is a comprehensive summary of military training range management strategies from around the world. Included are global case studies on the environmental impact of live ammunition and their remediation techniques. The text will equip practitioners with the tools to reduce remediation costs, enhance public perception, and promote environmental best practice.

Graphene nanoribbons are the basic element of many nanoscale devices. Numerous studies have already been performed on fundamental research to explore their properties from theoretical and experimental points of view. With applicative studies now taking over the fundamental studies, leading editors and authors in the field review the fundamental properties and the current device technology in this book.

Theoretical properties of graphene nanoribbons are introduced before concentrating on different fabrication methods and their properties out of different experimental characterizations. Finally, the text explores the perspectives of graphene nanoribbons for electronic transport.

This is a one-stop handbook for researchers wanting to further utilise graphene nanoribbons, and it is also a valuable reference text for any interested materials and surface scientists.

An ideal reference for graduate students and researchers within electrical, electronics and computer engineering, this book provides a rigorous, theoretical and mathematical analysis for the design of pipelined ADCs, along with detailed practical aspects of implementing it in very large-scale integration (VLSI). In each chapter a unique fault diagnosis technique for pipelined ADC has been proposed.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the body's immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord, causing debilitating side effects that last a lifetime for those affected. There is currently no cure.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS because of its ability to depict the pathological features of the disease in high detail. Over the past few decades, MRI-based visualization of demyelinated CNS lesions has become pivotal to the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. In recent years, newer MR imaging technologies, including higher-field-strength MR units, have been developed to analyse the overall MS damage and highlight potential mechanisms of recovery in patients at different stages of the disease.

Written by experts in the field, this first volume covers all imaging techniques applied to the analysis of MS, including the physics of CT/MR neurological imaging, MR MS, and miscellaneous MR neurological applications.

More than two million people worldwide were affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) in 2015, with rates varying widely among different populations. This book explores the basics of MS, which is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system.

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Written by experts in the field, this second volume includes illustrative figures and valuable references, and will be useful for researchers, students and practitioners in the industry.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two significant neurological disorders, which represent the scope of this book. Both ASD and AD affect a significant number of the population and present in numerous ways. This volume covers the state-of-the-art topics that investigate these two significant neurological disorders from a theoretical perspective and focuses on the practical aspects. Materials are presented in a way that can be beneficial to advanced and layman readers and several cutting-edge machine learning techniques for the early diagnosis of ASD are presented in this book. Also, various studies are discussed to demonstrate the formation, cause, and medical treatments for the AD foetal disorder.