Peasant Rebellion in a Slave Society identifies the immediate and remote reasons for the Balaiada revolt in Maranhão, Brazil, analyzing the special characteristics of the region that favored the development of a relatively independent peasantry within and around the cotton, rice, cassava, and cattle estates.The book explores the demography of Maranhão and patterns of land ownership and documents the rapid degradation of the environment by plantation‑based export agriculture. The analysis of various types of coerced and free labor, the oligopolistic structure of the colonial economy, and the key determinants of class and status contextualizes the conflict potential in Maranhão during the first half of the nineteenth century. The “People of Color,” as they called themselves, and enslaved workers from plantations rose against a White and conservative elite, claiming their constitutional rights or their freedom. The central government in Rio de Janeiro had to dispatch considerable amounts of money and troops to defeat the insurrection and subject the province again to imperial rule and enslaved workers and peasants to the plantocracy.This richly illustrated volume will be of interest to students and scholars working on slavery in the Americas and the Atlantic world, as well as Brazilian history.

The Others reconstructs the history of migration and naturalization of foreigners in Mexico during the first half of the twentieth century.Despite never receiving large influxes of foreigners, paradoxically Mexico has applied particularly tight controls on migration and naturalization. Why did it choose to limit the arrival of foreigners when their numbers were so low as a proportion of the total population? In a nation riven by ethnic prejudices and with post-revolutionary governments swift to criticize racial discrimination, what can explain the strong racialization of naturalization and migration policies? First published in Spanish, this award-winning book sheds light on the origins of many migration-related problems still plaguing the Mexican government: irregular migration to the United States, the lack of any genuine control over the arrival and residence of foreigners in Mexico, immigration and naturalization red tape, the authorities’ corruption and arbitrary decisions, racism, and discrimination in its migration policy. These are all issues overlooked by historical research in Mexico and explored in depth for the first time here.This book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Mexican history, borderland studies, and those interested in the relationship between the United States and Latin America.

Peasant Rebellion in a Slave Society identifies the immediate and remote reasons for the Balaiada revolt in Maranhão, Brazil, analyzing the special characteristics of the region that favored the development of a relatively independent peasantry within and around the cotton, rice, cassava, and cattle estates.The book explores the demography of Maranhão and patterns of land ownership and documents the rapid degradation of the environment by plantation‑based export agriculture. The analysis of various types of coerced and free labor, the oligopolistic structure of the colonial economy, and the key determinants of class and status contextualizes the conflict potential in Maranhão during the first half of the nineteenth century. The “People of Color,” as they called themselves, and enslaved workers from plantations rose against a White and conservative elite, claiming their constitutional rights or their freedom. The central government in Rio de Janeiro had to dispatch considerable amounts of money and troops to defeat the insurrection and subject the province again to imperial rule and enslaved workers and peasants to the plantocracy.This richly illustrated volume will be of interest to students and scholars working on slavery in the Americas and the Atlantic world, as well as Brazilian history.

The Others reconstructs the history of migration and naturalization of foreigners in Mexico during the first half of the twentieth century.Despite never receiving large influxes of foreigners, paradoxically Mexico has applied particularly tight controls on migration and naturalization. Why did it choose to limit the arrival of foreigners when their numbers were so low as a proportion of the total population? In a nation riven by ethnic prejudices and with post-revolutionary governments swift to criticize racial discrimination, what can explain the strong racialization of naturalization and migration policies? First published in Spanish, this award-winning book sheds light on the origins of many migration-related problems still plaguing the Mexican government: irregular migration to the United States, the lack of any genuine control over the arrival and residence of foreigners in Mexico, immigration and naturalization red tape, the authorities’ corruption and arbitrary decisions, racism, and discrimination in its migration policy. These are all issues overlooked by historical research in Mexico and explored in depth for the first time here.This book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Mexican history, borderland studies, and those interested in the relationship between the United States and Latin America.

This book is a collective work published as part of a larger project titled "Mexico-Guatemala cross-border region; regional dimensions and bases for integrated development," the purpose of which is to introduce a series of issues relative to the geopolitical dimension of Mexico’s actions in Central America and its stance on conflicts in the region between 1959 and 2019.The most widely published texts up until now have been written by Mexican authors, and we have less insight into how these processes have been viewed from Central America. With that in mind, we brought together a group of specialists, each highly renowned in their own country, some of them academics and others whose accounts are worth hearing because of their participation in social and political movements that are closely bound up in this issue. The following questions guided the drafting of this book: How have Central Americans viewed Mexican policies toward their countries? What do they think of Mexico’s influence in various spheres of life in the region? Has Central America’s past view of Mexico as their Latin American "big brother" changed? What do they consider to be the most salient issues in relations between our countries? What were the strategic interests of Cuba and the United States in the region? How did these processes develop during the Cold War, and what elements began to change in the 1990s? The purpose of the chapters in this book is to answer these questions and to bring together and share knowledge and perspectives.This book will appeal to students and researchers alike interested in the politics and history of 20th-century Mexico and Central America, as well as the involvement of such states during the Cold War and thereafter.

This book is a collective work published as part of a larger project titled "Mexico-Guatemala cross-border region; regional dimensions and bases for integrated development," the purpose of which is to introduce a series of issues relative to the geopolitical dimension of Mexico’s actions in Central America and its stance on conflicts in the region between 1959 and 2019.The most widely published texts up until now have been written by Mexican authors, and we have less insight into how these processes have been viewed from Central America. With that in mind, we brought together a group of specialists, each highly renowned in their own country, some of them academics and others whose accounts are worth hearing because of their participation in social and political movements that are closely bound up in this issue. The following questions guided the drafting of this book: How have Central Americans viewed Mexican policies toward their countries? What do they think of Mexico’s influence in various spheres of life in the region? Has Central America’s past view of Mexico as their Latin American "big brother" changed? What do they consider to be the most salient issues in relations between our countries? What were the strategic interests of Cuba and the United States in the region? How did these processes develop during the Cold War, and what elements began to change in the 1990s? The purpose of the chapters in this book is to answer these questions and to bring together and share knowledge and perspectives.This book will appeal to students and researchers alike interested in the politics and history of 20th-century Mexico and Central America, as well as the involvement of such states during the Cold War and thereafter.

This volume explores several issues pertinent to the history of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize from new explanatory approaches in order to reflect on a history and a reality that are shared by three neighbouring societies, emphasizing the actors and local practices that shape cross-border dynamics.This analysis is contributed by eight specialists who study aspects that are fundamental to our understanding of a process involving various persons and institutions in a specific space. Dynamics and Conflicts in a Cross-Border Region addresses an issue of current relevance through studies that focus on the problems inhabitants of the region have faced over the years: the realities of a porous border; the existence of family, trade and cultural ties that surpass the administrative limits negotiated by the states late in the 19th century; the impact of the internal conflicts of neighbour countries in the border space; experiences of exile and refuge at the border and the violence they entail; the role of local authorities in managing regional problems; the pending task of cross-border territorial organization; the efforts of local institutions to promote regional development; and the presence of phenomena like contraband, drug trafficking, organized crime and human trafficking in an increasingly complex and challenging space. This provides a way to use the region’s history as a springboard for conceiving of mechanisms by which we can together face the challenges presented today to the inhabitants of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.This book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of Latin American history and Social History.

This volume explores several issues pertinent to the history of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize from new explanatory approaches in order to reflect on a history and a reality that are shared by three neighbouring societies, emphasizing the actors and local practices that shape cross-border dynamics.This analysis is contributed by eight specialists who study aspects that are fundamental to our understanding of a process involving various persons and institutions in a specific space. Dynamics and Conflicts in a Cross-Border Region addresses an issue of current relevance through studies that focus on the problems inhabitants of the region have faced over the years: the realities of a porous border; the existence of family, trade and cultural ties that surpass the administrative limits negotiated by the states late in the 19th century; the impact of the internal conflicts of neighbour countries in the border space; experiences of exile and refuge at the border and the violence they entail; the role of local authorities in managing regional problems; the pending task of cross-border territorial organization; the efforts of local institutions to promote regional development; and the presence of phenomena like contraband, drug trafficking, organized crime and human trafficking in an increasingly complex and challenging space. This provides a way to use the region’s history as a springboard for conceiving of mechanisms by which we can together face the challenges presented today to the inhabitants of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.This book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of Latin American history and Social History.

This book presents a historical synthesis of colonial relations between Brazil and Portugal, illuminating the projects that the statesmen of the period formulated for the rich Portuguese territory in America—at first as a colonial domain, then as a potential independent country.Drawing on primary sources and historiographical dialogues with classic and current works, the book follows a chronological thread from Marquis of Pombal’s reforms to Brazilian independence. The work is framed by global geopolitics at the height of the liberal revolutions that led to the collapse of the Ancient Regime and the colonial system. Liberal revolutions, the Atlantic context, Napoleonic wars, and disputes for hegemony on the South American continent provide further background to the making of the Portuguese–American slaveholding class, the guarantor of the independence process. While the volume focuses on a remote period of history, its analysis of agendas for the nation offers the opportunity for dialogue with current concerns in Brazil.Designing Brazil is an effective resource for understanding a long and seminal period of Brazil’s history, which will be of value to scholars of Brazilian history and Latin American history and studies more widely.

Peasant Rebellion in a Slave Society identifies the immediate and remote reasons for the Balaiada revolt in Maranhão, Brazil, analyzing the special characteristics of the region that favored the development of a relatively independent peasantry within and around the cotton, rice, cassava, and cattle estates.The book explores the demography of Maranhão and patterns of land ownership and documents the rapid degradation of the environment by plantation‑based export agriculture. The analysis of various types of coerced and free labor, the oligopolistic structure of the colonial economy, and the key determinants of class and status contextualizes the conflict potential in Maranhão during the first half of the nineteenth century. The “People of Color,” as they called themselves, and enslaved workers from plantations rose against a White and conservative elite, claiming their constitutional rights or their freedom. The central government in Rio de Janeiro had to dispatch considerable amounts of money and troops to defeat the insurrection and subject the province again to imperial rule and enslaved workers and peasants to the plantocracy.This richly illustrated volume will be of interest to students and scholars working on slavery in the Americas and the Atlantic world, as well as Brazilian history.

The Others reconstructs the history of migration and naturalization of foreigners in Mexico during the first half of the twentieth century.Despite never receiving large influxes of foreigners, paradoxically Mexico has applied particularly tight controls on migration and naturalization. Why did it choose to limit the arrival of foreigners when their numbers were so low as a proportion of the total population? In a nation riven by ethnic prejudices and with post-revolutionary governments swift to criticize racial discrimination, what can explain the strong racialization of naturalization and migration policies? First published in Spanish, this award-winning book sheds light on the origins of many migration-related problems still plaguing the Mexican government: irregular migration to the United States, the lack of any genuine control over the arrival and residence of foreigners in Mexico, immigration and naturalization red tape, the authorities’ corruption and arbitrary decisions, racism, and discrimination in its migration policy. These are all issues overlooked by historical research in Mexico and explored in depth for the first time here.This book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Mexican history, borderland studies, and those interested in the relationship between the United States and Latin America.

Peasant Rebellion in a Slave Society identifies the immediate and remote reasons for the Balaiada revolt in Maranhão, Brazil, analyzing the special characteristics of the region that favored the development of a relatively independent peasantry within and around the cotton, rice, cassava, and cattle estates.The book explores the demography of Maranhão and patterns of land ownership and documents the rapid degradation of the environment by plantation‑based export agriculture. The analysis of various types of coerced and free labor, the oligopolistic structure of the colonial economy, and the key determinants of class and status contextualizes the conflict potential in Maranhão during the first half of the nineteenth century. The “People of Color,” as they called themselves, and enslaved workers from plantations rose against a White and conservative elite, claiming their constitutional rights or their freedom. The central government in Rio de Janeiro had to dispatch considerable amounts of money and troops to defeat the insurrection and subject the province again to imperial rule and enslaved workers and peasants to the plantocracy.This richly illustrated volume will be of interest to students and scholars working on slavery in the Americas and the Atlantic world, as well as Brazilian history.

The Others reconstructs the history of migration and naturalization of foreigners in Mexico during the first half of the twentieth century.Despite never receiving large influxes of foreigners, paradoxically Mexico has applied particularly tight controls on migration and naturalization. Why did it choose to limit the arrival of foreigners when their numbers were so low as a proportion of the total population? In a nation riven by ethnic prejudices and with post-revolutionary governments swift to criticize racial discrimination, what can explain the strong racialization of naturalization and migration policies? First published in Spanish, this award-winning book sheds light on the origins of many migration-related problems still plaguing the Mexican government: irregular migration to the United States, the lack of any genuine control over the arrival and residence of foreigners in Mexico, immigration and naturalization red tape, the authorities’ corruption and arbitrary decisions, racism, and discrimination in its migration policy. These are all issues overlooked by historical research in Mexico and explored in depth for the first time here.This book will be invaluable to students and scholars of Mexican history, borderland studies, and those interested in the relationship between the United States and Latin America.

This book is a collective work published as part of a larger project titled "Mexico-Guatemala cross-border region; regional dimensions and bases for integrated development," the purpose of which is to introduce a series of issues relative to the geopolitical dimension of Mexico’s actions in Central America and its stance on conflicts in the region between 1959 and 2019.The most widely published texts up until now have been written by Mexican authors, and we have less insight into how these processes have been viewed from Central America. With that in mind, we brought together a group of specialists, each highly renowned in their own country, some of them academics and others whose accounts are worth hearing because of their participation in social and political movements that are closely bound up in this issue. The following questions guided the drafting of this book: How have Central Americans viewed Mexican policies toward their countries? What do they think of Mexico’s influence in various spheres of life in the region? Has Central America’s past view of Mexico as their Latin American "big brother" changed? What do they consider to be the most salient issues in relations between our countries? What were the strategic interests of Cuba and the United States in the region? How did these processes develop during the Cold War, and what elements began to change in the 1990s? The purpose of the chapters in this book is to answer these questions and to bring together and share knowledge and perspectives.This book will appeal to students and researchers alike interested in the politics and history of 20th-century Mexico and Central America, as well as the involvement of such states during the Cold War and thereafter.

This book is a collective work published as part of a larger project titled "Mexico-Guatemala cross-border region; regional dimensions and bases for integrated development," the purpose of which is to introduce a series of issues relative to the geopolitical dimension of Mexico’s actions in Central America and its stance on conflicts in the region between 1959 and 2019.The most widely published texts up until now have been written by Mexican authors, and we have less insight into how these processes have been viewed from Central America. With that in mind, we brought together a group of specialists, each highly renowned in their own country, some of them academics and others whose accounts are worth hearing because of their participation in social and political movements that are closely bound up in this issue. The following questions guided the drafting of this book: How have Central Americans viewed Mexican policies toward their countries? What do they think of Mexico’s influence in various spheres of life in the region? Has Central America’s past view of Mexico as their Latin American "big brother" changed? What do they consider to be the most salient issues in relations between our countries? What were the strategic interests of Cuba and the United States in the region? How did these processes develop during the Cold War, and what elements began to change in the 1990s? The purpose of the chapters in this book is to answer these questions and to bring together and share knowledge and perspectives.This book will appeal to students and researchers alike interested in the politics and history of 20th-century Mexico and Central America, as well as the involvement of such states during the Cold War and thereafter.

This volume explores several issues pertinent to the history of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize from new explanatory approaches in order to reflect on a history and a reality that are shared by three neighbouring societies, emphasizing the actors and local practices that shape cross-border dynamics.This analysis is contributed by eight specialists who study aspects that are fundamental to our understanding of a process involving various persons and institutions in a specific space. Dynamics and Conflicts in a Cross-Border Region addresses an issue of current relevance through studies that focus on the problems inhabitants of the region have faced over the years: the realities of a porous border; the existence of family, trade and cultural ties that surpass the administrative limits negotiated by the states late in the 19th century; the impact of the internal conflicts of neighbour countries in the border space; experiences of exile and refuge at the border and the violence they entail; the role of local authorities in managing regional problems; the pending task of cross-border territorial organization; the efforts of local institutions to promote regional development; and the presence of phenomena like contraband, drug trafficking, organized crime and human trafficking in an increasingly complex and challenging space. This provides a way to use the region’s history as a springboard for conceiving of mechanisms by which we can together face the challenges presented today to the inhabitants of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.This book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of Latin American history and Social History.

This volume explores several issues pertinent to the history of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize from new explanatory approaches in order to reflect on a history and a reality that are shared by three neighbouring societies, emphasizing the actors and local practices that shape cross-border dynamics.This analysis is contributed by eight specialists who study aspects that are fundamental to our understanding of a process involving various persons and institutions in a specific space. Dynamics and Conflicts in a Cross-Border Region addresses an issue of current relevance through studies that focus on the problems inhabitants of the region have faced over the years: the realities of a porous border; the existence of family, trade and cultural ties that surpass the administrative limits negotiated by the states late in the 19th century; the impact of the internal conflicts of neighbour countries in the border space; experiences of exile and refuge at the border and the violence they entail; the role of local authorities in managing regional problems; the pending task of cross-border territorial organization; the efforts of local institutions to promote regional development; and the presence of phenomena like contraband, drug trafficking, organized crime and human trafficking in an increasingly complex and challenging space. This provides a way to use the region’s history as a springboard for conceiving of mechanisms by which we can together face the challenges presented today to the inhabitants of the cross-border region between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.This book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of Latin American history and Social History.

This book presents a historical synthesis of colonial relations between Brazil and Portugal, illuminating the projects that the statesmen of the period formulated for the rich Portuguese territory in America—at first as a colonial domain, then as a potential independent country.Drawing on primary sources and historiographical dialogues with classic and current works, the book follows a chronological thread from Marquis of Pombal’s reforms to Brazilian independence. The work is framed by global geopolitics at the height of the liberal revolutions that led to the collapse of the Ancient Regime and the colonial system. Liberal revolutions, the Atlantic context, Napoleonic wars, and disputes for hegemony on the South American continent provide further background to the making of the Portuguese–American slaveholding class, the guarantor of the independence process. While the volume focuses on a remote period of history, its analysis of agendas for the nation offers the opportunity for dialogue with current concerns in Brazil.Designing Brazil is an effective resource for understanding a long and seminal period of Brazil’s history, which will be of value to scholars of Brazilian history and Latin American history and studies more widely.