Routledge Series in Language and Content Integrated Teaching & Plurilingual Education – serie

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a transformative and powerful approach to language education and has had a significant impact on educational pedagogy in recent years. Despite burgeoning literature on the efficacy and implementation of CLIL, there remains a gap between CLIL and English Language Teaching (ELT). Many practitioners wonder how they can ‘do CLIL’ if their main classes are focused on English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This volume addresses these concerns by examining the experiences of various CLIL practitioners in the EFL context of Japan. Chapters outline the CLIL methodology, the differences in ‘hard CLIL’ (subject led) and ‘soft CLIL’ (language-oriented) before focusing on the EFL interpretations of soft-CLIL. Although the distinction of hard CLIL and soft CLIL has been mentioned in several publications, this is the first book-length exploration of this issue, featuring chapters examining expectations, challenges, material support, implementation, and even motivation in CLIL classrooms. All of this culminates in a review of the potential and future of CLIL in EFL contexts, paving the way for more widespread and well informed implementation of CLIL all over the world.

This edited collection provides unprecedented insight into the emerging field of multilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Multilingual education is claimed to have many benefits, amongst which are that it can improve both content and language learning, especially for learners who may have low ability in the medium of instruction and are consequently struggling to learn. The book represents a range of Sub-Saharan school contexts and describes how multilingual strategies have been developed and implemented within them to support the learning of content and language. It looks at multilingual learning from several points of view, including ‘translanguaging’, or the use of multiple languages – and especially African languages – for learning and language-supportive pedagogy, or the implementation of a distinct pedagogy to support learners working through the medium of a second language.The book puts forward strategies for creating materials, classroom environments and teacher education programmes which support the use of all of a student’s languages to improve language and content learning. The contexts which the book describes are challenging, including low school resourcing, poverty and low literacy in the home, and school policy which militates against the use of African languages in school. The volume also draws on multilingual education approaches which have been successfully carried out in higher resource countries and lend themselves to being adapted for use in SSA. It shows how multilingual learning can bring about transformation in education and provides inspiration for how these strategies might spread and be further developed to improve learning in schools in SSA and beyond.Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a transformative and powerful approach to language education and has had a significant impact on educational pedagogy in recent years. Despite burgeoning literature on the efficacy and implementation of CLIL, there remains a gap between CLIL and English Language Teaching (ELT). Many practitioners wonder how they can ‘do CLIL’ if their main classes are focused on English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This volume addresses these concerns by examining the experiences of various CLIL practitioners in the EFL context of Japan. Chapters outline the CLIL methodology, the differences in ‘hard CLIL’ (subject led) and ‘soft CLIL’ (language-oriented) before focusing on the EFL interpretations of soft-CLIL. Although the distinction of hard CLIL and soft CLIL has been mentioned in several publications, this is the first book-length exploration of this issue, featuring chapters examining expectations, challenges, material support, implementation, and even motivation in CLIL classrooms. All of this culminates in a review of the potential and future of CLIL in EFL contexts, paving the way for more widespread and well informed implementation of CLIL all over the world.

This edited collection provides unprecedented insight into the emerging field of multilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Multilingual education is claimed to have many benefits, amongst which are that it can improve both content and language learning, especially for learners who may have low ability in the medium of instruction and are consequently struggling to learn. The book represents a range of Sub-Saharan school contexts and describes how multilingual strategies have been developed and implemented within them to support the learning of content and language. It looks at multilingual learning from several points of view, including ‘translanguaging’, or the use of multiple languages – and especially African languages – for learning and language-supportive pedagogy, or the implementation of a distinct pedagogy to support learners working through the medium of a second language.The book puts forward strategies for creating materials, classroom environments and teacher education programmes which support the use of all of a student’s languages to improve language and content learning. The contexts which the book describes are challenging, including low school resourcing, poverty and low literacy in the home, and school policy which militates against the use of African languages in school. The volume also draws on multilingual education approaches which have been successfully carried out in higher resource countries and lend themselves to being adapted for use in SSA. It shows how multilingual learning can bring about transformation in education and provides inspiration for how these strategies might spread and be further developed to improve learning in schools in SSA and beyond.Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com.

Spanning scholarly contributions from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, this edited volume seeks to capture and elucidate the distinct challenges, approaches and possible solutions associated with interpreting, adapting and applying language-in-education policies in a range of linguistically complex teaching and learning environments across South Asia. Centring on-the-ground perspectives of scholars, practitioners, pupils, parents and the larger community, the volume offers new insights into one of the most complex, populous, and diverse multilingual educational contexts in the world. Language-in-education policies and practices within this setting represent particularly high stakes issues, playing a pivotal role in determining access to literacy, thereby forming a critical pivot in the reproduction of educational inequality. The broad aim of the collection is thus to highlight the pedagogical, practical, ideological and identity-related implications arising from current language-in-education policies in this region, with the aim of illustrating how systemic inequality is intertwined with such policies and their associated interpretations.Aimed at both academics and practitioners - whether researchers and students in the fields of education, linguistics, sociology, anthropology or South Asian studies, on the one hand, or language policy advisors, curriculum developers, teacher educators, teachers, and members of funding bodies, aid providers or NGOs, on the other - it is anticipated that the accounts in this volume will offer their readership opportunities to consider their wider implications and applications across other rich multilingual settings – be these local, regional, national or global.

Spanning scholarly contributions from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, this edited volume seeks to capture and elucidate the distinct challenges, approaches and possible solutions associated with interpreting, adapting and applying language-in-education policies in a range of linguistically complex teaching and learning environments across South Asia. Centring on-the-ground perspectives of scholars, practitioners, pupils, parents and the larger community, the volume offers new insights into one of the most complex, populous, and diverse multilingual educational contexts in the world. Language-in-education policies and practices within this setting represent particularly high stakes issues, playing a pivotal role in determining access to literacy, thereby forming a critical pivot in the reproduction of educational inequality. The broad aim of the collection is thus to highlight the pedagogical, practical, ideological and identity-related implications arising from current language-in-education policies in this region, with the aim of illustrating how systemic inequality is intertwined with such policies and their associated interpretations.Aimed at both academics and practitioners - whether researchers and students in the fields of education, linguistics, sociology, anthropology or South Asian studies, on the one hand, or language policy advisors, curriculum developers, teacher educators, teachers, and members of funding bodies, aid providers or NGOs, on the other - it is anticipated that the accounts in this volume will offer their readership opportunities to consider their wider implications and applications across other rich multilingual settings – be these local, regional, national or global.

Looking at both English Medium Instruction (EMI) and multimodality in higher education, this edited volume bridges the gap between the two contexts by offering various new insights into fundamentals in multilingual education, EMI discourse and current teaching practices in internationalised contexts. Current demands in communication, especially in higher-education contexts, require examining EMI from a multimodal perspective with the aim of giving explicit attention to modern discourse practices.The contributors reflect on the principles guiding EMI and multimodality and their application in higher education using both practical examples and data-driven evidences. They discuss EMI multimodal discourse from an empirical perspective to unveil communicative practices in internationalised higher-education contexts; and exemplify classroom applications and ESP and EAP pedagogical practices that promote multimodal competence in higher education. The contributors provide solid theoretical foundations, key principles, research evidence and pedagogical implications that inform current methodologies and practices for EMI, ESP and EAP, as well as multimodality in higher education.This volume on EMI and multimodality in higher education will have broad appeal for researchers worldwide from various fields of expertise within education and applied linguistics.

Looking at both English Medium Instruction (EMI) and multimodality in higher education, this edited volume bridges the gap between the two contexts by offering various new insights into fundamentals in multilingual education, EMI discourse and current teaching practices in internationalised contexts. Current demands in communication, especially in higher-education contexts, require examining EMI from a multimodal perspective with the aim of giving explicit attention to modern discourse practices.The contributors reflect on the principles guiding EMI and multimodality and their application in higher education using both practical examples and data-driven evidences. They discuss EMI multimodal discourse from an empirical perspective to unveil communicative practices in internationalised higher-education contexts; and exemplify classroom applications and ESP and EAP pedagogical practices that promote multimodal competence in higher education. The contributors provide solid theoretical foundations, key principles, research evidence and pedagogical implications that inform current methodologies and practices for EMI, ESP and EAP, as well as multimodality in higher education.This volume on EMI and multimodality in higher education will have broad appeal for researchers worldwide from various fields of expertise within education and applied linguistics.

This edited volume provides the follow up to Erling et al.’s (2021) Multilingual Learning and Language Supportive Pedagogies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The strategies put forward in Volume 1 included multilingual pedagogies that allow students to draw on their full linguistic repertoires, translanguaging and other language-supportive pedagogies. While there is great traction in the pedagogical strategies proposed in Volume 1, limited progress has been made in terms of multilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Thus, the main focus of this follow-up volume is to explore the question of why former colonial languages and monolingual approaches continue to be used as the dominant languages of education, even when we have multilingual pedagogies and materials that could and do work and despite substantial evidence that learners have difficulties when taught in a language they do not understand. This book offers perspectives to answer this question through focusing on the internal and external pressures which impact the capacity for implementing multilingual strategies in educational contexts at regional, national and community levels. Chapters provide insights into how to better understand and work within these contemporary constraints and challenge dominant monoglossic discourses which inhibit the implementation of multilingual education in SSA. The volume focuses on three main areas which have proven to be stumbling blocks to the effective implementation of multilingual education to date, namely: assessment, ideology and policy. An insightful collection that will be of great interest to academics, researchers and practitioners in the fields of language education, language-in-education policy and educational assessments in the wide range of multilingual contexts in Africa.

This edited volume provides the follow up to Erling et al.’s (2021) Multilingual Learning and Language Supportive Pedagogies in Sub-Saharan Africa. The strategies put forward in Volume 1 included multilingual pedagogies that allow students to draw on their full linguistic repertoires, translanguaging and other language-supportive pedagogies. While there is great traction in the pedagogical strategies proposed in Volume 1, limited progress has been made in terms of multilingual education in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Thus, the main focus of this follow-up volume is to explore the question of why former colonial languages and monolingual approaches continue to be used as the dominant languages of education, even when we have multilingual pedagogies and materials that could and do work and despite substantial evidence that learners have difficulties when taught in a language they do not understand. This book offers perspectives to answer this question through focusing on the internal and external pressures which impact the capacity for implementing multilingual strategies in educational contexts at regional, national and community levels. Chapters provide insights into how to better understand and work within these contemporary constraints and challenge dominant monoglossic discourses which inhibit the implementation of multilingual education in SSA. The volume focuses on three main areas which have proven to be stumbling blocks to the effective implementation of multilingual education to date, namely: assessment, ideology and policy. An insightful collection that will be of great interest to academics, researchers and practitioners in the fields of language education, language-in-education policy and educational assessments in the wide range of multilingual contexts in Africa.

This book explores the issue of “integration” in content and language integrated learning (CLIL), and addresses the need for effective content and language integration by proposing the thematic-pattern-based “Concept+Language Mapping” (CLM) approach.Peichang He explores effective integration of content and language learning during the instruction of content subjects using students’ additional language as the medium of instruction. The volume introduces the contextual background of a large-scale school-university collaboration CLIL research project and builds the conceptual framework of a thematic-pattern-based CLM pedagogy by drawing on the language-based theory of learning (Halliday, 1993), the construct of thematic patterns (Lemke, 1990), and the recent development of genre-based pedagogy (Lin, 2016; Rose & Martin, 2012). The research probes the design of thematic-pattern-based CLM teaching resources and examines the impact of the CLM pedagogy on students’ development of language and content knowledge during their learning of different junior and senior English Medium Instructed subjects. The author enhances the conceptual framework based on the ongoing research findings and the burgeoning literature on translanguaging practice (García & Li, 2014; Lemke & Lin, 2022; Lin, 2019) and proposes a trans-disciplinary plurilingual thematic-pattern-based CLM approach. The book concludes with a discussion on some promising future research orientations including a transdisciplinary plurilingual thematic-pattern-based CLM approach for CLIL sustainability, catering for learner diversity in CLIL, and teacher professional development in thematic-pattern-based CLM practice. The book shows readers the design of CLM materials and activities which are demonstrated through classroom interactions in lessons of different subjects and grades for students of diverse cognitive abilities and linguistic backgrounds.This insightful volume will be of interest to researchers and trainee teachers exploring pedagogical approaches to CLIL, plurilingual, and transdisciplinary education and will provide pedagogical implications for teachers of both language and content subjects in schools worldwide.

Hüttner and Dalton-Puffer present research demonstrating the tangible benefits of the long-term sustainability of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) on participants’ educational outcomes.The chapters outline the argument that the main benefit of CLIL lies in the fact that learners acquire specific literacy practices linked to the curricular subjects they study via the CLIL language and that these go beyond what is commonly learned and studied within a foreign language curriculum. The book provides an orientation as to how such disciplinary literacy or literacies can be conceptualised and understood, and introduces several models that have served to make disciplinary literacies graspable and visible. The various chapters showcase research and development projects from different geographical and educational contexts and therefore elaborate ideas around disciplinary literacies from different vantage points.This book aims at a wide and varied readership, including graduate students studying applied linguistics, foreign language education, and/or teaching methodology; language teachers; content subject teachers with an interest in the linguistic side of their subject; and teacher trainers.

Hüttner and Dalton-Puffer present research demonstrating the tangible benefits of the long-term sustainability of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) on participants’ educational outcomes.The chapters outline the argument that the main benefit of CLIL lies in the fact that learners acquire specific literacy practices linked to the curricular subjects they study via the CLIL language and that these go beyond what is commonly learned and studied within a foreign language curriculum. The book provides an orientation as to how such disciplinary literacy or literacies can be conceptualised and understood, and introduces several models that have served to make disciplinary literacies graspable and visible. The various chapters showcase research and development projects from different geographical and educational contexts and therefore elaborate ideas around disciplinary literacies from different vantage points.This book aims at a wide and varied readership, including graduate students studying applied linguistics, foreign language education, and/or teaching methodology; language teachers; content subject teachers with an interest in the linguistic side of their subject; and teacher trainers.

This volume addresses the theory and practice of Critical Thinking and Creativity (CT&C) in the context of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) by presenting how it is applied to cultivate these two important elements, CT&C, in education in different parts of the world.The chapters present original research on CT&C from a variety of countries including Argentina, Italy, Japan, Spain, Taiwan and USA, and covers different educational levels such as primary, secondary and university. Providing varying perspectives on theory and practice, this book focuses on the challenge of embedding CT and integrating CT&C in our practice through the processes and end-products of a dual-focused education. The book consists of three parts: critical thinking in CLIL, creativity in CLIL, and critical thinking and creativity in CLIL. The chapters consist of empirical research and theoretical perspectives, and explores CLIL’s potential to foster students’ CT&C. This volume offers a good balance of internationally recognised and up-and-coming researchers. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate school students in the fields of TESOL, Applied Linguistics and Education, as well as initial training students aiming to become teachers of subjects or language, and CLIL.

This volume raises some crucial questions related to assessment in content and language integrated learning (CLIL), with theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence from years of research in the fields of educational assessment, content and language education, applied linguistics and teacher education.With concerns being raised over the validity and fairness of CLIL assessment due to the mediating role of additional language (L2) in students’ academic achievement, the author addresses three inter-related assessment questions, namely what to assess (students’ content and/or L2 development), how to assess (assessment strategies that allow students to better demonstrate their learning outcomes), and how to follow up after assessment. The book contributes to CLIL teachers’ professional knowledge by offering strategies to improve assessment practices, including designing assessment questions with different levels of cognitive, linguistic and multimodal demands, adopting alternative assessment strategies, and making good use of assessment data to inform teaching and learning.Serving as a call for more attention and support for CLIL teachers’ assessment literacy and practices, this book will be a useful resource for academics, teacher educators, and teachers interested in bilingual education programmes, assessment and testing as well as educational policy and practice.

This volume raises some crucial questions related to assessment in content and language integrated learning (CLIL), with theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence from years of research in the fields of educational assessment, content and language education, applied linguistics and teacher education.With concerns being raised over the validity and fairness of CLIL assessment due to the mediating role of additional language (L2) in students’ academic achievement, the author addresses three inter-related assessment questions, namely what to assess (students’ content and/or L2 development), how to assess (assessment strategies that allow students to better demonstrate their learning outcomes), and how to follow up after assessment. The book contributes to CLIL teachers’ professional knowledge by offering strategies to improve assessment practices, including designing assessment questions with different levels of cognitive, linguistic and multimodal demands, adopting alternative assessment strategies, and making good use of assessment data to inform teaching and learning.Serving as a call for more attention and support for CLIL teachers’ assessment literacy and practices, this book will be a useful resource for academics, teacher educators, and teachers interested in bilingual education programmes, assessment and testing as well as educational policy and practice.

Chen proposes a disciplinary literacy (DL) approach to Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) planning and teaching in her book, in answer to concerns expressed by some about the growth of CLIL internationally in recent decades.The concerns regarding CLIL schools circle around the feasibility of the policy, particularly regarding the challenges of teaching and learning new subject content in an additional language in primary education. In response, the author tackles the fundamental questions surrounding CLIL implementation with a focus on fostering deeper learning using examples from the Taiwanese context. The chapters delve into the key planning issues in primary education CLIL and explore the language teaching awareness of CLIL teachers in various subject areas. In addition to proposing a DL approach, the book also discusses the necessity for teachers’ awareness of subject-specific literacies in curriculum planning, highlighting the importance of scaffolding primary students to achieve deeper learning in CLIL classrooms. As a whole, Chen stimulates discourse and research in CLIL planning and teaching, thereby informing CLIL teacher education.This book is an essential read for researchers and research students interested in deeper learning and bilingual and multilingual education programs. It is also a viable resource for teacher educators and teachers who teach in multilingual programs and primary education.

Chen proposes a disciplinary literacy (DL) approach to Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) planning and teaching in her book, in answer to concerns expressed by some about the growth of CLIL internationally in recent decades.The concerns regarding CLIL schools circle around the feasibility of the policy, particularly regarding the challenges of teaching and learning new subject content in an additional language in primary education. In response, the author tackles the fundamental questions surrounding CLIL implementation with a focus on fostering deeper learning using examples from the Taiwanese context. The chapters delve into the key planning issues in primary education CLIL and explore the language teaching awareness of CLIL teachers in various subject areas. In addition to proposing a DL approach, the book also discusses the necessity for teachers’ awareness of subject-specific literacies in curriculum planning, highlighting the importance of scaffolding primary students to achieve deeper learning in CLIL classrooms. As a whole, Chen stimulates discourse and research in CLIL planning and teaching, thereby informing CLIL teacher education.This book is an essential read for researchers and research students interested in deeper learning and bilingual and multilingual education programs. It is also a viable resource for teacher educators and teachers who teach in multilingual programs and primary education.

This book introduces research-based pedagogical practices for supporting and enhancing language development and use in school-based immersion and dual language programs in which a second, foreign, heritage, or indigenous language is used as the medium of subject-matter instruction. Using counterbalanced instruction as the volume’s pedagogical framework, the authors map out the specific pedagogical skill set and knowledge base that teachers in immersion and dual language classrooms need so their students can engage with content taught through an additional language while continuing to improve their proficiency in that language. To illustrate key concepts and effective practices, the authors draw on classroom-based research and include teacher-created examples of classroom application. The following topics are covered in detail: defining characteristics of immersion and dual language programs and features of well-implemented programs strategies to promote language and content integration in curricular planning as well as classroom instruction and performance assessment an instructional model to counterbalance form-focused and content-based instruction scaffolding strategies that support students’ comprehension and production while ensuring continued language development an approach to creating cross-linguistic connections through biliteracy instruction a self-assessment tool for teachers to reflect on their pedagogical growthAlso applicable to content and language integrated learning and other forms of content-based language teaching, this comprehensive volume includes graphics to facilitate navigation and provides Resources for Readers and Application Activities at the end of each chapter.The book will be a key resource for preservice and in-service teachers, administrators, and teacher educators.