Routledge Studies in Civil Wars and Intra-State Conflict – Serie
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29 produkter
29 produkter
Elite Rivalry, Mass Killing and Genocide in Authoritarian Regimes
Why Autocrats Kill
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
2 113 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book explains how mass killing is driven by elite politics within authoritarian regimes.Mass killing and genocide defy reason and explanation. How can genocidal elites present defenceless victims as an existential threat? Why use indiscriminate killing that drives victims to coordinated resistance? Mass killing seems counterproductive, irrational, and therefore inherently ideological. By building on new insights on authoritarian politics, this book argues that mass killing is not ideological, but instead is a rational response to elite rivalry within authoritarian regimes. Mass killing is therefore not driven by rivalries between groups, but by elite rivalry within groups. In Rwanda, for example, the genocide was not driven by conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi, but by conflicts within the Hutu regime. The work demonstrates how mass killing helps elites build coalitions with groups that benefit from violence and how it divides support coalitions of rival elites. Mass killing can therefore help elites win dangerous internal rivalries. By qualitatively and quantitatively exploring elite rivalry and mass killing, this book provides a new explanation for a host of mass killings and genocides. It demonstrates that well-known genocides, such as the Rwandan and Cambodian genocides, which are seemingly ideological are instead better explained by elite rivalry. Mass killing is therefore not driven by the random madness of leaders, nor by the desire to kill an outgroup, but by the internal threats that authoritarian elites face.This book will be of much interest to scholars and students of civil wars, genocide, political violence, and International Relations in general.
Elite Rivalry, Mass Killing and Genocide in Authoritarian Regimes
Why Autocrats Kill
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
632 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book explains how mass killing is driven by elite politics within authoritarian regimes.Mass killing and genocide defy reason and explanation. How can genocidal elites present defenceless victims as an existential threat? Why use indiscriminate killing that drives victims to coordinated resistance? Mass killing seems counterproductive, irrational, and therefore inherently ideological. By building on new insights on authoritarian politics, this book argues that mass killing is not ideological, but instead is a rational response to elite rivalry within authoritarian regimes. Mass killing is therefore not driven by rivalries between groups, but by elite rivalry within groups. In Rwanda, for example, the genocide was not driven by conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi, but by conflicts within the Hutu regime. The work demonstrates how mass killing helps elites build coalitions with groups that benefit from violence and how it divides support coalitions of rival elites. Mass killing can therefore help elites win dangerous internal rivalries. By qualitatively and quantitatively exploring elite rivalry and mass killing, this book provides a new explanation for a host of mass killings and genocides. It demonstrates that well-known genocides, such as the Rwandan and Cambodian genocides, which are seemingly ideological are instead better explained by elite rivalry. Mass killing is therefore not driven by the random madness of leaders, nor by the desire to kill an outgroup, but by the internal threats that authoritarian elites face.This book will be of much interest to scholars and students of civil wars, genocide, political violence, and International Relations in general.
Armed Groups and International Legitimacy
Child Soldiers in Intra-State Conflict
Inbunden, Engelska, 2021
2 317 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book analyses the issue of child soldiers in order to understand how armed groups engage with international organizations to gain international legitimacy.The work examines why some armed groups ‘follow the rules’ of international humanitarian law and others do not. It argues that armed groups in conflicts around the world engage with international organizations in order to gain international legitimacy and to show they are following the laws of war. By examining the issue of child soldiers in contemporary armed conflict, the volume establishes a typology of which groups will engage with international actors and follow the laws of war – and which will not. The main aim of the book is to understand the rationality of even the most violent of actors, and to understand when and how armed groups can be encouraged to follow the laws of war. The work draws from extensive primary research conducted among armed groups in Syria and Myanmar, including al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the many small ethnic insurgent groups of Myanmar. This book will be of much interest to students of war and conflict studies, security studies, international humanitarian law, and International Relations.
Armed Groups and International Legitimacy
Child Soldiers in Intra-State Conflict
Häftad, Engelska, 2022
618 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book analyses the issue of child soldiers in order to understand how armed groups engage with international organizations to gain international legitimacy.The work examines why some armed groups ‘follow the rules’ of international humanitarian law and others do not. It argues that armed groups in conflicts around the world engage with international organizations in order to gain international legitimacy and to show they are following the laws of war. By examining the issue of child soldiers in contemporary armed conflict, the volume establishes a typology of which groups will engage with international actors and follow the laws of war – and which will not. The main aim of the book is to understand the rationality of even the most violent of actors, and to understand when and how armed groups can be encouraged to follow the laws of war. The work draws from extensive primary research conducted among armed groups in Syria and Myanmar, including al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the many small ethnic insurgent groups of Myanmar. This book will be of much interest to students of war and conflict studies, security studies, international humanitarian law, and International Relations.
Partition and Peace in Civil Wars
Dividing Lands and Peoples to End Ethnic Conflict
Inbunden, Engelska, 2021
2 113 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines whether partition is an effective means to resolve ethnic and sectarian civil wars. It argues that partition is unlikely to end ongoing ethnosectarian civil wars, but it can increase the likelihood of preventing civil war recurrence, as long as the partition separates civilians and militaries. The book presents in-depth case studies of Georgia–Abkhazia and Moldova–Transnistria, in addition to cross-national comparisons of all ethnosectarian civil wars between 1945 and 2004. This analysis demonstrates when partitioning a country can help transform an identity-based civil war into a lasting peace. Highlighting practical and moral challenges of separating ethnosectarian groups, the book contends that complete partitions cannot be easily implemented by the international community, and this limits their applicability. It also demonstrates that ethnosectarian civil wars are driven less by inter-group antagonisms and more by state breakdown, meaning displaced minorities can reintegrate peacefully after partition as long as a minimal level of state-building has been completed. The book ends by examining whether partition would be useful for five contemporary conflicts: Iraq, Ukraine–Donbass, Afghanistan, Sudan–South Sudan, and Serbia–Kosovo.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, ethnic conflict, peace and conflict studies, and international relations.
Partition and Peace in Civil Wars
Dividing Lands and Peoples to End Ethnic Conflict
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
618 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines whether partition is an effective means to resolve ethnic and sectarian civil wars. It argues that partition is unlikely to end ongoing ethnosectarian civil wars, but it can increase the likelihood of preventing civil war recurrence, as long as the partition separates civilians and militaries. The book presents in-depth case studies of Georgia–Abkhazia and Moldova–Transnistria, in addition to cross-national comparisons of all ethnosectarian civil wars between 1945 and 2004. This analysis demonstrates when partitioning a country can help transform an identity-based civil war into a lasting peace. Highlighting practical and moral challenges of separating ethnosectarian groups, the book contends that complete partitions cannot be easily implemented by the international community, and this limits their applicability. It also demonstrates that ethnosectarian civil wars are driven less by inter-group antagonisms and more by state breakdown, meaning displaced minorities can reintegrate peacefully after partition as long as a minimal level of state-building has been completed. The book ends by examining whether partition would be useful for five contemporary conflicts: Iraq, Ukraine–Donbass, Afghanistan, Sudan–South Sudan, and Serbia–Kosovo.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, ethnic conflict, peace and conflict studies, and international relations.
Foreign Intervention, Warfare and Civil Wars
External Assistance and Belligerents' Choice of Strategy
Häftad, Engelska, 2021
618 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines the impact of foreign intervention in the course and nature of warfare in civil wars.Throughout history, foreign intervention in civil wars has been the rule rather than the exception. The involvement of outside powers can have a dramatic impact on the course and nature of internal conflicts. Despite this, there has been little research which has sought to explain how foreign intervention influences the course of civil wars. This book seeks to rectify this gap. It examines the impact of foreign intervention on the warfare that characterises civil wars through by studying the cases of the Angolan and Afghan civil wars. It investigates how foreign resources affect the military power of the recipient belligerent, and examines how changes in the balance of capabilities influence the form of warfare that characterises a civil war. Warfare in civil wars is often highly fluid, with belligerents adapting their respective strategies in response to shifts in the balance of military capabilities. This book shows how the intervention of foreign powers can manipulate the balance of capabilities between the civil war belligerents and change the dominant form of warfare. The findings presented in this book offer key insights for policy-makers to navigate the increasing internationalization of civil wars around the globe.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intra-state conflict, war and conflict studies, and security studies.
Armed Group Structure and Violence in Civil Wars
The Organizational Dynamics of Civilian Killing
Häftad, Engelska, 2021
618 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines whether differences in the organizational structure of armed groups shape patterns of human rights violations in civil wars.Since the end of World War II, civil wars have been characterized by extremely high numbers of civilian casualties. However, the exact extent of civilian suffering varies across time, conflict, and geographic region. Recently, a new strand of research has emerged, primarily focused on studying the dynamics underlying the variation in civilian abuse by examining the characteristics of the armed groups and how these characteristics influence the armed groups’ behaviour towards the civilian population. With reference to principal-agent theory and data on the organizational structure of more than 70 armed groups active worldwide from 1989 onwards, the author’s analysis functions both on the level of the armed group and on the level of the individual via personal interviews with combatants. Offering a unique insight into how factors such as recruitment methods, hierarchy and organizational commitment may affect the likelihood of civilian abuse by combatants, this book will be of much interest to students of political violence, civil wars, war and conflict studies, security studies and IR in general.
2 176 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume explores the nature of civil war in the modern world and in historical perspective. Civil wars represent the principal form of armed conflict since the end of the Second World War, and certainly in the contemporary era. The nature and impact of civil wars suggests that these conflicts reflect and are also a driving force for major societal change. In this sense, Understanding Civil Wars: Continuity and change in intrastate conflict argues that the nature of civil war is not fundamentally changing in nature.The book includes a thorough consideration of patterns and types of intrastate conflict and debates relating to the causes, impact, and ‘changing nature’ of war. A key focus is on the political and social driving forces of such conflict and its societal meanings, significance and consequences. The author also explores methodological and epistemological challenges related to studying and understanding intrastate war. A range of questions and debates are addressed. What is the current knowledge regarding the causes and nature of armed intrastate conflict? Is it possible to produce general, cross-national theories on civil war which have broad explanatory relevance? Is the concept of ‘civil wars’ empirically meaningful in an era of globalization and transnational war? Has intrastate conflict fundamentally changed in nature? Are there historical patterns in different types of intrastate conflict? What are the most interesting methodological trends and debates in the study of armed intrastate conflict? How are narratives about the causes and nature of civil wars constructed around ideas such as ethnic conflict, separatist conflict and resource conflict?This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intrastate conflict, security studies and international relations in general.
679 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume explores the nature of civil war in the modern world and in historical perspective. Civil wars represent the principal form of armed conflict since the end of the Second World War, and certainly in the contemporary era. The nature and impact of civil wars suggests that these conflicts reflect and are also a driving force for major societal change. In this sense, Understanding Civil Wars: Continuity and change in intrastate conflict argues that the nature of civil war is not fundamentally changing in nature.The book includes a thorough consideration of patterns and types of intrastate conflict and debates relating to the causes, impact, and ‘changing nature’ of war. A key focus is on the political and social driving forces of such conflict and its societal meanings, significance and consequences. The author also explores methodological and epistemological challenges related to studying and understanding intrastate war. A range of questions and debates are addressed. What is the current knowledge regarding the causes and nature of armed intrastate conflict? Is it possible to produce general, cross-national theories on civil war which have broad explanatory relevance? Is the concept of ‘civil wars’ empirically meaningful in an era of globalization and transnational war? Has intrastate conflict fundamentally changed in nature? Are there historical patterns in different types of intrastate conflict? What are the most interesting methodological trends and debates in the study of armed intrastate conflict? How are narratives about the causes and nature of civil wars constructed around ideas such as ethnic conflict, separatist conflict and resource conflict?This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intrastate conflict, security studies and international relations in general.
1 977 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines the conditions under which the presence and use of militias result in an increase or a decrease in violence against civilians in intra-state conflicts. Showcasing the breadth and diversity of modern militias in the context of violence against civilians, the volume addresses the predation and repression that many such groups are infamous for, as well as increasingly important efforts by other militias at civilian protection in war-torn settings. The chapters examine militias from around the world, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative methods as they cover groups as varied as gangs, death squads, grassroots community-defense groups, official state militias, and party-sponsored armies – groups on the "civic vice" side, the "civic virtue" side, and the wide and mixed in-between space where most cases fall. Taken as a cohesive unit, the work lays the foundation for an encompassing theory and interrogation of the causal chain between militia type and operating context and the levels of violence against civilians. It provides path-breaking theory-building and empirical scholarship. Policymakers and national security practitioners dealing with issues relating to armed groups will also benefit from the practical issues covered here, such as how different forms of sponsorship and training affect militia behavior.This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, political violence, counterinsurgency, civil-military relations, and security studies in general.
578 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines the conditions under which the presence and use of militias result in an increase or a decrease in violence against civilians in intra-state conflicts. Showcasing the breadth and diversity of modern militias in the context of violence against civilians, the volume addresses the predation and repression that many such groups are infamous for, as well as increasingly important efforts by other militias at civilian protection in war-torn settings. The chapters examine militias from around the world, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative methods as they cover groups as varied as gangs, death squads, grassroots community-defense groups, official state militias, and party-sponsored armies – groups on the "civic vice" side, the "civic virtue" side, and the wide and mixed in-between space where most cases fall. Taken as a cohesive unit, the work lays the foundation for an encompassing theory and interrogation of the causal chain between militia type and operating context and the levels of violence against civilians. It provides path-breaking theory-building and empirical scholarship. Policymakers and national security practitioners dealing with issues relating to armed groups will also benefit from the practical issues covered here, such as how different forms of sponsorship and training affect militia behavior.This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, political violence, counterinsurgency, civil-military relations, and security studies in general.
795 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This book investigates the ways in which the lethality of terrorist violence depends on how rebel organizations finance their rebellion.The leaders of rebel groups make calculated decisions on the intensity of terrorism killings, considering the benefits and costs of targeting non-combatants against the financing needs of their organization. The study specifically focuses on analyzing the effects of different external financing options available to rebel groups and takes into account the role of local populations in making financing available. This comparative approach to external financing reveals new hypotheses that are empirically verified and differ from the expectations and findings of prior research. The book's findings are relevant to policy discussions on counter-insurgency strategies that prioritize protecting populations from human rights abuses. Existing doctrines tend to overlook the potential impact of targeted efforts to isolate insurgents from specific financing sources on the capacity to secure local populations.This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, terrorism studies, political violence, and security studies.
292 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This book investigates the ways in which the lethality of terrorist violence depends on how rebel organizations finance their rebellion.The leaders of rebel groups make calculated decisions on the intensity of terrorism killings, considering the benefits and costs of targeting non-combatants against the financing needs of their organization. The study specifically focuses on analyzing the effects of different external financing options available to rebel groups and takes into account the role of local populations in making financing available. This comparative approach to external financing reveals new hypotheses that are empirically verified and differ from the expectations and findings of prior research. The book's findings are relevant to policy discussions on counter-insurgency strategies that prioritize protecting populations from human rights abuses. Existing doctrines tend to overlook the potential impact of targeted efforts to isolate insurgents from specific financing sources on the capacity to secure local populations.This book will be of interest to students of civil wars, terrorism studies, political violence, and security studies.
Armed Organizations and Political Elites in Civil Wars
Pathways to Power in Syria and Iraq
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
2 176 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book analyses under what conditions, and with what developmental effects, armed organizations shift their ‘coercive profile’ during civil wars, with a focus on the recent conflicts in Syria and Iraq.The work begins with an operationalisation of the term ‘political settlement’, focusing on how power is organized in fragile and conflict-affected countries, and then uses this operationalization to analyse the political settlements of contemporary Syria and Iraq, including their breakdown and transformation during recent civil wars (of 2011-today in Syria and 2014-17 in Iraq). It subsequently examines why and how elite factions have used armed organizations in times of conflict. This approach links an understanding of the broad evolution of power relations at the national level with the specific effects of the use of armed organizations on such relations. It argues for a shift from assigning fixed labels to armed organizations during civil wars to studying their coercive profile in a dynamic fashion, i.e. how armed organizations behave in terms of their use of threats and coercive force. The book introduces five profiles of coercive behaviour that demonstrate how the same organization can behave very differently at various points in time. One of these, the ‘hybrid coercive profile’, fills a gap in the existing civil war typology of organized armed violence by opening up the possibility of elite factions deliberately combining collaborative and competitive modes of behaviour. As an evidence base, the book provides in-depth analysis of the origins, evolution and operations of four armed organizations that have acted under a hybrid coercive profile during the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars: the Syrian Kurdish People’s Defence Forces, the Eagles of the Whirlwind of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga and the Badr Organization. By connecting the concepts of political settlement and civil war, and applying them to specific armed organizations operating in Syria and Iraq, the book offers new insights into this nexus.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, conflict studies, Middle Eastern Studies and International Relations.
Armed Organizations and Political Elites in Civil Wars
Pathways to Power in Syria and Iraq
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
632 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book analyses under what conditions, and with what developmental effects, armed organizations shift their ‘coercive profile’ during civil wars, with a focus on the recent conflicts in Syria and Iraq.The work begins with an operationalisation of the term ‘political settlement’, focusing on how power is organized in fragile and conflict-affected countries, and then uses this operationalization to analyse the political settlements of contemporary Syria and Iraq, including their breakdown and transformation during recent civil wars (of 2011-today in Syria and 2014-17 in Iraq). It subsequently examines why and how elite factions have used armed organizations in times of conflict. This approach links an understanding of the broad evolution of power relations at the national level with the specific effects of the use of armed organizations on such relations. It argues for a shift from assigning fixed labels to armed organizations during civil wars to studying their coercive profile in a dynamic fashion, i.e. how armed organizations behave in terms of their use of threats and coercive force. The book introduces five profiles of coercive behaviour that demonstrate how the same organization can behave very differently at various points in time. One of these, the ‘hybrid coercive profile’, fills a gap in the existing civil war typology of organized armed violence by opening up the possibility of elite factions deliberately combining collaborative and competitive modes of behaviour. As an evidence base, the book provides in-depth analysis of the origins, evolution and operations of four armed organizations that have acted under a hybrid coercive profile during the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars: the Syrian Kurdish People’s Defence Forces, the Eagles of the Whirlwind of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga and the Badr Organization. By connecting the concepts of political settlement and civil war, and applying them to specific armed organizations operating in Syria and Iraq, the book offers new insights into this nexus.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, conflict studies, Middle Eastern Studies and International Relations.
Post-Conflict Referendums and Peace Processes
Pathways to Peace and Democracy?
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
1 977 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book provides a comparative study of the impact of referendums on conflict resolution and peacebuilding in post-conflict societies.Post-conflict referendums have increasingly been held as part of peace processes. While policy-makers are hopeful that these referendums serve peace and democracy, the burgeoning literature on them has expressed significant reservations about their use, particularly on territorial issues, because referendums do not have mechanisms for compromise. To gauge the actual impact of these referendums on peace processes, the book systematically compares three post-conflict referendums on self-determination held with their respective central governments’ consent, in Eritrea, East Timor, and Southern Sudan. Relying on more than 70 elite interviews, it examines (1) the rationales behind the decision to hold referendums; (2) the referendums’ impact on resolving the original self-determination conflicts; and (3) their impact on post-conflict peacebuilding inside the newly independent states. The three case studies reveal various rationales behind such referendums, and show that referendums play a limited, albeit positive, role in settling the original conflicts. Furthermore, holding referendums after civil wars has various positive, negative, and often unexpected impacts on domestic and international peacebuilding efforts inside newly independent states. This book provides careful, thorough, and well-balanced accounts of these referendums’ impact on peace processes.This book will be of much interest to students of peace and conflict studies, African and South-East Asian politics, and International Relations.Chapter 1 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.
2 246 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book extends principal-agent theory to the case of pro-Russian rebel militias in Eastern Ukraine.Russia’s war in Ukraine demonstrates the much-discussed relations between the principal (Russia) and agent (rebel militias) in Eastern Ukraine. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 was a frontal challenge to the post-Cold War European regional order, and since 2022 it has offered a challenge to the global order. Filling the gap in the literature on indirect warfare and insurgencies, this book offers systematic insights into structures and relations within the leaderless rebellion in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. It introduces the concept of the delegation of leaderless rebellion, based on the argument that it is a specific kind of rebellion when local elites do not actively participate as the leaders of the rebellion. Random people, without any fighting or political experience and with no social embeddedness, become rebel commanders, which means the principal – Russia – faces serious challenges but also benefits from opportunities to exercise complete control over the rebel forces and administration.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars and insurgencies, political violence, Eastern European politics, and international relations in general.
632 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book extends principal-agent theory to the case of pro-Russian rebel militias in Eastern Ukraine.Russia’s war in Ukraine demonstrates the much-discussed relations between the principal (Russia) and agent (rebel militias) in Eastern Ukraine. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 was a frontal challenge to the post-Cold War European regional order, and since 2022 it has offered a challenge to the global order. Filling the gap in the literature on indirect warfare and insurgencies, this book offers systematic insights into structures and relations within the leaderless rebellion in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. It introduces the concept of the delegation of leaderless rebellion, based on the argument that it is a specific kind of rebellion when local elites do not actively participate as the leaders of the rebellion. Random people, without any fighting or political experience and with no social embeddedness, become rebel commanders, which means the principal – Russia – faces serious challenges but also benefits from opportunities to exercise complete control over the rebel forces and administration.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars and insurgencies, political violence, Eastern European politics, and international relations in general.
When Nonviolent Civil Resistance Campaigns Fail
Demobilized, Escalated and Negotiated Ends
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
1 909 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines both how and why nonviolent civil resistance campaigns fail, and the diverse category of campaigns that fall short.Civil resistance campaigns are known for their success, for their ability to overthrow central governments or gain territorial independence. There have been a growing number of civil resistance campaigns in recent decades; however, their rate of success has decreased. More unarmed campaigns are now ending without achieving their ultimate political goals. This study moves beyond the success or failure dichotomy to unpack how nonviolent campaigns end, while also paying attention to the processes that encourage conflict demobilization or transformation. Drawing from the fields of political science, sociology, and nonviolence studies, the book develops a continuum of campaign outcomes that includes full and partial success as forms of positive demobilization as well as disbanding and defeat as forms of negative demobilization. It provides an overarching framework that links sources of internal campaign strength to termination types, and then considers each outcome in depth to explore the reasons why and how campaigns demobilize. The work is global in scope, including descriptive statistics, quantitative analyses, and case illustrations spanning a variety of regions and time periods, from East Germany in 1953 to Suriname in 1984 and Togo in 2013.This book will be of much interest to students of civil resistance movements and nonviolence, conflict studies, intrastate conflicts, and International Relations.
When Nonviolent Civil Resistance Campaigns Fail
Demobilized, Escalated and Negotiated Ends
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
675 kr
Kommande
This book examines both how and why nonviolent civil resistance campaigns fail, and the diverse category of campaigns that fall short.Civil resistance campaigns are known for their success, for their ability to overthrow central governments or gain territorial independence. There have been a growing number of civil resistance campaigns in recent decades; however, their rate of success has decreased. More unarmed campaigns are now ending without achieving their ultimate political goals. This study moves beyond the success or failure dichotomy to unpack how nonviolent campaigns end, while also paying attention to the processes that encourage conflict demobilization or transformation. Drawing from the fields of political science, sociology, and nonviolence studies, the book develops a continuum of campaign outcomes that includes full and partial success as forms of positive demobilization as well as disbanding and defeat as forms of negative demobilization. It provides an overarching framework that links sources of internal campaign strength to termination types, and then considers each outcome in depth to explore the reasons why and how campaigns demobilize. The work is global in scope, including descriptive statistics, quantitative analyses, and case illustrations spanning a variety of regions and time periods, from East Germany in 1953 to Suriname in 1984 and Togo in 2013.This book will be of much interest to students of civil resistance movements and nonviolence, conflict studies, intrastate conflicts, and International Relations.
Collecting Data among Paramilitaries
Ethnographic fieldwork on pro-government volunteers
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
2 258 kr
Kommande
This book offers the first practical guide to studying state-aligned fighters and volunteers through ethnographic research in war.Drawing on fieldwork carried out during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war, the book shows why understanding pro-government mobilization requires close, sustained engagement with the people involved rather than relying only on documents or statistics. It follows researchers from the planning stage through their time in the field, explaining how access is negotiated, how safety is managed, and how relationships are built in unpredictable and often dangerous environments. Over six chapters, the work compares three forms of field immersion—short visits to front-line areas, repeated returns over time, and long stays lasting weeks or months—and explains the benefits and limitations of each in grasping mobilization and life in war in all their diversity. It also introduces two tools to help future researchers: ‘information spread’, which focuses on collecting rich and varied material rather than large numbers of interviews and ‘reflexive engagement’, which encourages researchers to recognize how their background, emotions, and presence shape the research process. The book argues that armed conflict dynamics, operational settings, varying security levels, and the rapidly evolving conditions of the field site necessitate the adoption of innovative experimental strategies.This book will be of much interest to students of ethnographic methods, civil wars, armed conflict, political violence and International Relations in general.
Social Capital and the Reintegration of Former Combatants
Colombian Paramilitaries, Guerrillas and Their Leaders
Inbunden, Engelska, 2025
2 113 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book develops a theory of successful reintegration after intra-state conflict, centred on the development of social capital and its use by former combatants after demobilization.The book shows that those former combatants who are able to develop social ties and social capital in their communities, with their families and through involvement in peacebuilding activities will be more likely to experience successful reintegration as measured by their satisfaction with the reintegration process. The volume’s research is based primarily on the results of a survey of former combatants in Colombia’s conflict. The authors surveyed former members of the two largest and most powerful of the armed actors – the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (or AUC) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (FARC-EP). The book assesses the former combatants’ evaluations of reconciliation processes, the prospects for the success of these efforts, and their own involvement in reconciliation programs to evaluate the extent to which former combatants are making successful efforts in this regard and whether their social capital influences their willingness to reconcile.This book will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, intra-state conflict, Latin American politics and International Relations.
Explaining Foreign Support Escalation in Civil War
From Sponsorship to Intervention
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
2 105 kr
Kommande
This book investigates why some foreign powers that initially assist warring parties in civil wars later escalate to direct military involvement.The volume connects proxy war and direct intervention through a new theoretical framework, Support Escalation Theory, arguing that intervention (“direct support”) is risky and costlier than the transfer of resources (“indirect support”), and so is not chosen lightly. Using case studies, including Fascist Italy’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s and Russia’s intervention in the Donbas in 2014, the book highlights why foreign sponsors prefer to escalate from indirect to direct support: they do so when the time window to affect the conflict and avoid a negative outcome is running out, and the warring party would not be able to use further indirect support that would no longer be helpful. Therefore, foreign sponsors feel the incentive to step in with their own forces. Additional examples test how widely the pattern holds in the 20th and 21st centuries, shedding light on one of the most important—and dangerous—features of modern conflict.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, conflict studies, security studies and International Relations.
Foreign Intervention, Warfare and Civil Wars
External Assistance and Belligerents' Choice of Strategy
Inbunden, Engelska, 2017
2 113 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book examines the impact of foreign intervention in the course and nature of warfare in civil wars.Throughout history, foreign intervention in civil wars has been the rule rather than the exception. The involvement of outside powers can have a dramatic impact on the course and nature of internal conflicts. Despite this, there has been little research which has sought to explain how foreign intervention influences the course of civil wars. This book seeks to rectify this gap. It examines the impact of foreign intervention on the warfare that characterises civil wars through by studying the cases of the Angolan and Afghan civil wars. It investigates how foreign resources affect the military power of the recipient belligerent, and examines how changes in the balance of capabilities influence the form of warfare that characterises a civil war. Warfare in civil wars is often highly fluid, with belligerents adapting their respective strategies in response to shifts in the balance of military capabilities. This book shows how the intervention of foreign powers can manipulate the balance of capabilities between the civil war belligerents and change the dominant form of warfare. The findings presented in this book offer key insights for policy-makers to navigate the increasing internationalization of civil wars around the globe.This book will be of much interest to students of civil wars, intra-state conflict, war and conflict studies, and security studies.
2 113 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book investigates the origins of civil wars which emerge from failed attempts at democratization.The main aim of this volume is to develop a theoretical explanation of the conditions under which and the mechanisms through which social movements’ struggles for democracy end up in civil war. While the empirical evidence suggests that this is not a rare phenomenon, the literatures on social movements, democratization and civil wars have grown apart from each other. At the theoretical level, Social Movements and Civil War bridges insights in the three fields, looking in particular at explanations of the radicalization of social movements, the failure of democratization processes and the onset of civil war. In doing this, it builds upon the relational approach developed in contentious politics with the aim of singling out robust causal mechanisms. At the empirical level, the research provides in-depth descriptions of four cases of trajectory from social movements for democratization into civil wars: in Syria, Libya, Yemen and the former Yugoslavia. Conditions such as the double weakness of civil society and the state, the presence of entrepreneurs of violence as well as normative and material resources for violence, ethnic and tribal divisions, domestic and international military interventions are considered as influencing the chains of actors’ choices rather than as structural determinants.This book will be of great interest to students of civil wars, political violence, social movements, democratization, and IR in general.
578 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book investigates the origins of civil wars which emerge from failed attempts at democratization.The main aim of this volume is to develop a theoretical explanation of the conditions under which and the mechanisms through which social movements’ struggles for democracy end up in civil war. While the empirical evidence suggests that this is not a rare phenomenon, the literatures on social movements, democratization and civil wars have grown apart from each other. At the theoretical level, Social Movements and Civil War bridges insights in the three fields, looking in particular at explanations of the radicalization of social movements, the failure of democratization processes and the onset of civil war. In doing this, it builds upon the relational approach developed in contentious politics with the aim of singling out robust causal mechanisms. At the empirical level, the research provides in-depth descriptions of four cases of trajectory from social movements for democratization into civil wars: in Syria, Libya, Yemen and the former Yugoslavia. Conditions such as the double weakness of civil society and the state, the presence of entrepreneurs of violence as well as normative and material resources for violence, ethnic and tribal divisions, domestic and international military interventions are considered as influencing the chains of actors’ choices rather than as structural determinants.This book will be of great interest to students of civil wars, political violence, social movements, democratization, and IR in general.
2 249 kr
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This volume examines the various aspects of territorial separatism, focusing on how and why separatist movements arise. Featuring essays by leading scholars from different disciplinary perspectives, the book aims to situate the question of separatism within the broader socio-political context of the international system, arguing that a set of historical events as well as local, regional, and global dynamics have converged to provide the catalysts that often trigger separatist conflicts. In addition, the book marks progress towards a new conceptual framework for the study of territorial separatism, by linking the survival of communities in international politics with the effective control of territory and the consequent creation of new polities. Separatist conflicts challenge conventional wisdom concerning conflict resolution within the context of international relations by unpacking a number of questions with regard to conflict transformation. Through the use of case studies, including Cyprus, the Rakhine state in Myanmar, the Shia separatism in Iraq, the Uighurs in China and the case of East Timor, the volume addresses key issues including the role of democracy, international law, intervention, post-conflict peacebuilding and the creation of new political entities.The book will be of much interest to students of Intra-StateConflict, Conflict Resolution, International Law, Security Studies and International Relations.
Armed Group Structure and Violence in Civil Wars
The Organizational Dynamics of Civilian Killing
Inbunden, Engelska, 2015
2 249 kr
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This book examines whether differences in the organizational structure of armed groups shape patterns of human rights violations in civil wars.Since the end of World War II, civil wars have been characterized by extremely high numbers of civilian casualties. However, the exact extent of civilian suffering varies across time, conflict, and geographic region. Recently, a new strand of research has emerged, primarily focused on studying the dynamics underlying the variation in civilian abuse by examining the characteristics of the armed groups and how these characteristics influence the armed groups’ behaviour towards the civilian population. With reference to principal-agent theory and data on the organizational structure of more than 70 armed groups active worldwide from 1989 onwards, the author’s analysis functions both on the level of the armed group and on the level of the individual via personal interviews with combatants. Offering a unique insight into how factors such as recruitment methods, hierarchy and organizational commitment may affect the likelihood of civilian abuse by combatants, this book will be of much interest to students of political violence, civil wars, war and conflict studies, security studies and IR in general.