This book describes an approach to intelligent task planning in a robotic system. Petri net and fuzzy logic are integrated and used to represent task sequence planning and error recovery. During the generation and execution of task plans, different kinds of uncertainties need to be handled to ensure the efficiency and reliability of the system. Following a systematic modeling procedure, a fuzzy Petri net is constructed based on geometric relations, fuzzy variables, and reasoning structures. The resulting net can be used to analyze and control the system. Many examples are discussed to illustrate the theory and the applications of fuzzy Petri nets.

One critical barrier leading to successful implementation of flexible manufacturing and related automated systems is the ever-increasing complexity of their modeling, analysis, simulation, and control. Research and development over the last three decades has provided new theory and graphical tools based on Petri nets and related concepts for the design of such systems. The purpose of this book is to introduce a set of Petri-net-based tools and methods to address a variety of problems associated with the design and implementation of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), with several implementation examples.There are three ways this book will directly benefit readers. First, the book will allow engineers and managers who are responsible for the design and implementation of modern manufacturing systems to evaluate Petri nets for applications in their work. Second, it will provide sufficient breadth and depth to allow development of Petri-net-based industrial applications. Third, it will allow the basic Petri net material to be taught to industrial practitioners, students, and academic researchers much more efficiently. This will foster further research and applications of Petri nets in aiding the successful implementation of advanced manufacturing systems.

In recent years works done by most researchers towards building autonomous intelligent controllers frequently mention the need for a methodology of design and a measure of how successful the final result is. This monograph introduces a design methodology for intelligent controllers based on the analytic theory of intelligent machines introduced by Saridis in the 1970s. The methodology relies on the existing knowledge about designing the different sub-systems composing an intelligent machine. Its goal is to provide a performance measure applicable to any of the sub-systems, and use that measure to learn on-line the best among the set of pre-designed alternatives, given the state of the environment where the machine operates. Different designs can be compared using this novel approach.

This book derives techniques which allow reliable plans to be automatically selected by Intelligent Machines. It concentrates on the uncertainty analysis of candidate plans so that a highly reliable candidate may be identified and used. For robotic components, such as a particular vision algorithm for pose estimation or a joint controller, methods are explained for directly calculating the reliability. However, these methods become excessively complex when several components are used together to complete a plan. Consequently, entropy minimization techniques are used to estimate which complex tasks will perform reliably. The book first develops tools for directly calculating the reliability of sub-systems, and methods of using entropy minimization to greatly facilitate the analysis are explained. Since these sub-systems are used together to accomplish complex tasks, the book then explains how complex tasks can be efficiently evaluated.

This book introduces the development process, structural theories and research areas of intelligent control; explains the knowledge representations, searching and reasoning mechanisms as the fundamental techniques of intelligent control; studies the theoretical principles and architectures of various intelligent control systems; analyzes the paradigms of representative applications of intelligent control; and discusses the research and development trends of the intelligent control.From the general point of view, this book possesses the following features: updated research results both in theory and application that reflect the latest advances in intelligent control; closed connection between theory and practice that enables readers to use the principles to their case studies and practical projects; and comprehensive materials that helps readers in understanding and learning.

Earth-moving is a common activity at mines, construction sites, hazardous waste cleanup locations, and road works. Expensive and sophisticated machines such as wheel loaders are used for earth-moving. This book presents a robotic control approach to the computer control of wheel-loader-type excavators. The unpredictable and dynamic rock excavation environment poses challenges for the design of the real time control algorithm. The control method developed here is based on the analysis of human operators' performance; it applies neural networks, fuzzy logic and finite state machines to embody human excavation strategies for on-line bucket digging trajectory design. A behavior-based control architecture organizes operation of the modules to achieve quick system response. Extensive experiments have been performed to demonstrate the diggability of the algorithm in various difficult-to-excavate environments.

The fusion of information from sensors with different physical characteristics, such as sight, touch, sound, etc., enhances the understanding of our surroundings and provides the basis for planning, decision-making, and control of autonomous and intelligent machines.The minimal representation approach to multisensor fusion is based on the use of an information measure as a universal yardstick for fusion. Using models of sensor uncertainty, the representation size guides the integration of widely varying types of data and maximizes the information contributed to a consistent interpretation.In this book, the general theory of minimal representation multisensor fusion is developed and applied in a series of experimental studies of sensor-based robot manipulation. A novel application of differential evolutionary computation is introduced to achieve practical and effective solutions to this difficult computational problem.

This book attempts to couple control engineering with modern developments in science, through the concept of entropy. Such disciplines as intelligent machines, economics, manufacturing, environmental systems, waste etc. can be favorably affected and their performance can be improved or their catastrophic effects minimized. Entropy is used as the unifying measure of the various, seemingly disjoint, disciplines to represent the cost of producing work that improves the standard of living, both in engineering and in science. Modeling is done through probabilistic methods, thus establishing the irreversibility of the processes involved. This is in accordance with the modern view of science. In addition, the behavior of control for an arbitrary but fixed controller away from the optimal (equilibrium) has been obtained, the analytic expression of which should lead to chaotic solutions. The control activity is explained, based on the principle that control is making a system do what we want it to do. This helps to relate control theory with the sciences.

Flexible robotic manipulators pose various challenges in research as compared to rigid robotic manipulators, ranging from system design, structural optimization, and construction to modeling, sensing, and control. Although significant progress has been made in many aspects over the last one-and-a-half decades, many issues are not resolved yet, and simple, effective, and reliable controls of flexible manipulators still remain an open quest. Clearly, further efforts and results in this area will contribute significantly to robotics (particularly automation) as well as its application and education in general control engineering. To accelerate this process, the leading experts in this important area present in this book the state of the art in advanced studies of the design, modeling, control and applications of flexible manipulators.

In this book, efficient and scalable coevolutionary algorithms for distributed, network-based decision-making, which utilize objective functions are developed in a networked environment where internode communications are a primary factor in system performance.A theoretical foundation for this class of coevolutionary algorithms is introduced using techniques from stochastic process theory and mathematical analysis.A case study in distributed, network-based decision-making presents an implementation and detailed evaluation of the coevolutionary decision-making framework that incorporates distributed evolutionary agents and mobile agents.The methodology discussed in this book can have a fundamental impact on the principles and practice of engineering in the distributed, network-based environment that is emerging within and among corporate enterprise systems. In addition, the conceptual framework of the approach to distributed decision systems described may have much wider implications for network-based systems and applications.

This book describes an approach to intelligent task planning in a robotic system. Petri net and fuzzy logic are integrated and used to represent task sequence planning and error recovery. During the generation and execution of task plans, different kinds of uncertainties need to be handled to ensure the efficiency and reliability of the system. Following a systematic modeling procedure, a fuzzy Petri net is constructed based on geometric relations, fuzzy variables, and reasoning structures. The resulting net can be used to analyze and control the system. Many examples are discussed to illustrate the theory and the applications of fuzzy Petri nets.

One critical barrier leading to successful implementation of flexible manufacturing and related automated systems is the ever-increasing complexity of their modeling, analysis, simulation, and control. Research and development over the last three decades has provided new theory and graphical tools based on Petri nets and related concepts for the design of such systems. The purpose of this book is to introduce a set of Petri-net-based tools and methods to address a variety of problems associated with the design and implementation of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), with several implementation examples.There are three ways this book will directly benefit readers. First, the book will allow engineers and managers who are responsible for the design and implementation of modern manufacturing systems to evaluate Petri nets for applications in their work. Second, it will provide sufficient breadth and depth to allow development of Petri-net-based industrial applications. Third, it will allow the basic Petri net material to be taught to industrial practitioners, students, and academic researchers much more efficiently. This will foster further research and applications of Petri nets in aiding the successful implementation of advanced manufacturing systems.

In recent years works done by most researchers towards building autonomous intelligent controllers frequently mention the need for a methodology of design and a measure of how successful the final result is. This monograph introduces a design methodology for intelligent controllers based on the analytic theory of intelligent machines introduced by Saridis in the 1970s. The methodology relies on the existing knowledge about designing the different sub-systems composing an intelligent machine. Its goal is to provide a performance measure applicable to any of the sub-systems, and use that measure to learn on-line the best among the set of pre-designed alternatives, given the state of the environment where the machine operates. Different designs can be compared using this novel approach.

This book derives techniques which allow reliable plans to be automatically selected by Intelligent Machines. It concentrates on the uncertainty analysis of candidate plans so that a highly reliable candidate may be identified and used. For robotic components, such as a particular vision algorithm for pose estimation or a joint controller, methods are explained for directly calculating the reliability. However, these methods become excessively complex when several components are used together to complete a plan. Consequently, entropy minimization techniques are used to estimate which complex tasks will perform reliably. The book first develops tools for directly calculating the reliability of sub-systems, and methods of using entropy minimization to greatly facilitate the analysis are explained. Since these sub-systems are used together to accomplish complex tasks, the book then explains how complex tasks can be efficiently evaluated.

This book introduces the development process, structural theories and research areas of intelligent control; explains the knowledge representations, searching and reasoning mechanisms as the fundamental techniques of intelligent control; studies the theoretical principles and architectures of various intelligent control systems; analyzes the paradigms of representative applications of intelligent control; and discusses the research and development trends of the intelligent control.From the general point of view, this book possesses the following features: updated research results both in theory and application that reflect the latest advances in intelligent control; closed connection between theory and practice that enables readers to use the principles to their case studies and practical projects; and comprehensive materials that helps readers in understanding and learning.

Earth-moving is a common activity at mines, construction sites, hazardous waste cleanup locations, and road works. Expensive and sophisticated machines such as wheel loaders are used for earth-moving. This book presents a robotic control approach to the computer control of wheel-loader-type excavators. The unpredictable and dynamic rock excavation environment poses challenges for the design of the real time control algorithm. The control method developed here is based on the analysis of human operators' performance; it applies neural networks, fuzzy logic and finite state machines to embody human excavation strategies for on-line bucket digging trajectory design. A behavior-based control architecture organizes operation of the modules to achieve quick system response. Extensive experiments have been performed to demonstrate the diggability of the algorithm in various difficult-to-excavate environments.

The fusion of information from sensors with different physical characteristics, such as sight, touch, sound, etc., enhances the understanding of our surroundings and provides the basis for planning, decision-making, and control of autonomous and intelligent machines.The minimal representation approach to multisensor fusion is based on the use of an information measure as a universal yardstick for fusion. Using models of sensor uncertainty, the representation size guides the integration of widely varying types of data and maximizes the information contributed to a consistent interpretation.In this book, the general theory of minimal representation multisensor fusion is developed and applied in a series of experimental studies of sensor-based robot manipulation. A novel application of differential evolutionary computation is introduced to achieve practical and effective solutions to this difficult computational problem.

This book attempts to couple control engineering with modern developments in science, through the concept of entropy. Such disciplines as intelligent machines, economics, manufacturing, environmental systems, waste etc. can be favorably affected and their performance can be improved or their catastrophic effects minimized. Entropy is used as the unifying measure of the various, seemingly disjoint, disciplines to represent the cost of producing work that improves the standard of living, both in engineering and in science. Modeling is done through probabilistic methods, thus establishing the irreversibility of the processes involved. This is in accordance with the modern view of science. In addition, the behavior of control for an arbitrary but fixed controller away from the optimal (equilibrium) has been obtained, the analytic expression of which should lead to chaotic solutions. The control activity is explained, based on the principle that control is making a system do what we want it to do. This helps to relate control theory with the sciences.

Flexible robotic manipulators pose various challenges in research as compared to rigid robotic manipulators, ranging from system design, structural optimization, and construction to modeling, sensing, and control. Although significant progress has been made in many aspects over the last one-and-a-half decades, many issues are not resolved yet, and simple, effective, and reliable controls of flexible manipulators still remain an open quest. Clearly, further efforts and results in this area will contribute significantly to robotics (particularly automation) as well as its application and education in general control engineering. To accelerate this process, the leading experts in this important area present in this book the state of the art in advanced studies of the design, modeling, control and applications of flexible manipulators.

In this book, efficient and scalable coevolutionary algorithms for distributed, network-based decision-making, which utilize objective functions are developed in a networked environment where internode communications are a primary factor in system performance.A theoretical foundation for this class of coevolutionary algorithms is introduced using techniques from stochastic process theory and mathematical analysis.A case study in distributed, network-based decision-making presents an implementation and detailed evaluation of the coevolutionary decision-making framework that incorporates distributed evolutionary agents and mobile agents.The methodology discussed in this book can have a fundamental impact on the principles and practice of engineering in the distributed, network-based environment that is emerging within and among corporate enterprise systems. In addition, the conceptual framework of the approach to distributed decision systems described may have much wider implications for network-based systems and applications.