SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences – serie

Modern researchers in plate tectonics may be concerned with the analysis of distributed deformation across diffuse plate boundaries and triple junction zones. These methods are then applied to the tectonic evolution of western Caribbean region which provides new ways to test and challenge the established Pacific model of Caribbean tectonics.

With respect to the vital work of maintaining and increasing much needed petroleum reserves within the continental United States, the Southeast is intriguing because it has been under-explored for many years at the expense of far more promising areas such as the Gulf Coast.

This book demystifies that art and science of seismic interpretation for those with and without formal geophysical training. From geologists to managers and investors, The Art and Science of Seismic Interpretation is a guide to what seismic data is, how it is interpreted, and what it can deliver.

This book offers an up-to-date overview of the coal deposits of South Limburg (Netherlands), the Aachen area (Germany), and the Campine area (Belgium). Although the amount of available literature on these coal deposits is quite vast, the majority of the texts date back to the mid-twentieth century, and most publications focus more on the stratigraphy of the coal layers and the rank of the coal. Moreover, the concept of continental drift is largely ignored in these publications.   In addition to providing updated information, this book also discusses coal mining in these regions; the formation and petrography of coal; and the geological evolution of Western Europe/the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. In order to explain the tropical nature of the flora in the Carboniferous period, paleogeographic aspects are also taken into account.

This book proposes a methodology for the identification of flooding in urban areas, by the denomination of 1) urban hydrographic basin;

This book examines picroilmenites and their ferromagnetic behavior in the kimberlites from the Yakut diamondiferous province.

This book introduces the scientific basis and engineering practice for CO2 storage, covering topics such as storage capacity, trapping mechanisms, CO2 phase behaviour and flow dynamics, engineering and geomechanics of geological storage, injection well design, and geophysical and geochemical monitoring.

This book focuses on the mineral deposits from the mining complex of Kazakhstan, including copper ores from the Nikolayevsky and Shemonaikhinsky open-pit quarries, and from the Kazchrome and Konyrat mines in Balkhash.

This book summarizes the exploration history and provides a framework for assessing the economic potential of the country’s minerals by defining minimal deposit parameters for the various commodities present. Suriname was explored extensively for mineral occurrences in the course of the previous century, indicating the presence of a range of commodities. The country mined and processed bauxite for a century (until 2016), and has an even longer history of small-scale alluvial gold mining; it is currently home to two major gold producers. However, exploration activities have been limited during the past 4 decades as most parts of Suriname’s interior are difficult to access, making geological fieldwork both difficult and expensive. Further, the markets and prices have changed in the interim, which calls for a fresh look at the historic data.

This book discusses methods for measuring the water surface backscattering signature and estimating the near-surface wind vector over water using airborne radars, in addition to their standard application.

This book broadens the reader's knowledge base on lithofacies distribution, facies succession and association, and interpretation of paleo-depositional environments using outcrop-based and measured se¬dimentologic section data integrated with facies and petrographic analyses.

This book provides an in-depth review of heavy metals in corals, describing the sources of heavy metals in the marine environment and their effect on corals. It is designed to serve as a unique reference for upcoming marine researchers and chemists, advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as those interested in marine pollution with respect to heavy metals. The book explains the basics as well as the state-of-the-art regarding heavy metals and corals and is engaging and clearly written and narrated, providing readers with the fundamental tools about the subject matter that they need in their specific fields. It allows readers to understand and appreciate the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, and the geosphere. Detailed reference is included for the benefit of the reader. The specific objectives of this book are (i) to inform/educate the reader about persistent pollutants such as heavy metals, (ii) to identify sources of heavy metals in the marine environment,(iii) to inform about route of exposure and uptake of the heavy metal pollutants by corals, (iv) to elaborate about the effect of heavy metal pollutants on the coral reef ecosystems, (v) to discuss the ways in which heavy metal regulation occurs in corals, (vi) to impact current knowledge regarding heavy metals in the marine environment, and (vii) to briefly show chemical analysis and instrumentation for analyzing heavy metals.

This book aims then to describe in a comprehensible way efforts made over centuries of measuring and understanding the magnetic declination.

In a departure from the mostly empirical rate-time DCA methods covered in Chapter 3, advanced rate-time-pressure analysis – often referred to as rate transient analysis (RTA) - methods are presented in Chapter 4.

In this book, readers will gain a deep understanding of the distinct characteristics and intricate formation mechanisms behind each type of diamond.A standout feature of this book is its in-depth exploration of nanodiamonds, shedding light on their unique formation processes. The narrative is thoughtfully organized, covering four main categories of natural diamonds and their related formation processes: 1)Interstellar nanodiamond particles; 2) Nano- and microcrustal diamonds associated with coals, sediments, and metamorphic rocks; 3) Nanodiamonds and microdiamonds associated with secondary alterations of mafic and ultramafic rocks mainly in the oceanic lithosphere; 4) Mantle-derived diamonds associated with kimberlites and their xenoliths, such as peridotites and eclogites.With clarity and precision, this book caters to both researchers and students in the fields of mineralogy and mineral formation. This book serves as an invaluable resource, offering an all-encompassing perspective on diamond formation, appealing to those curious minds eager to delve into the captivating realm of these precious gems.

This book presents the study on Ancient Geopolymers in South America and Easter Island regions, exploring the artificial nature of the volcanic rocks used in the construction of Easter Island's statues.

This book addresses the geohazard of ground subsidence by giving an overview of subsidence processes and their harmful consequences. It discusses newly developed methods of subsidence prediction, and describing techniques to monitor the subsidence and engineering measures in order to control and reduce subsidence impacts. Case studies from China are presented to explain the application of various methods and techniques to investigate, monitor, and mitigate this geohazard under different conditions. The book is intended to promote the concept of environmentally responsible mining with an objective to protect directly affected people and the environment. The target audience of book is students, researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers who are concerned about the environmental effects of underground mining.

This book highlights a detailed high-resolution palynofacies origin and depositional environment, source rock potential, hydrocarbon migration pathway and structural hydrocarbon entrapment mechanisms of the outcrop lithostratigraphic units of the inland Anambra basin.

Mining provides country with the necessary natural resources, on the basis of which industry creates means of labor and consumer products, and also provides population with work, builds various infrastructure facilities, and also improves standard of population living.Construction is one of main sectors of country’s economy. For buildings construction, engineering and industrial structures, roads construction, a large number of various building materials are required. Building materials industry faces serious tasks, which consist not only and not so much in increasing output of materials and products, but in improving their quality and expanding production of new efficient materials and products that reduce material and labor intensity of construction.In the last decade, due to industry development and growing demand for building materials, number of explored deposits of building materials and extraction of mineral raw materials for construction industry of region have increased.In 2021, following main types of building raw materials were mined: cement, molding sand, clay, gypsum, quartzite, limestone and dolomite, which will fully ensure the construction of planned facilities.Products of mining and processing enterprises of region (building sand, crushed stone, brick, facing stone, marble, microcalcite, granite, serpentinite, porphyrite, clays of various compositions and other types of raw materials) are supplied not only to local construction enterprises, but also to Chinese enterprises, Russia, the republics of Central Asia and other countries.In recent years, range of building materials has undergone significant changes, both due to use of imported materials, and due to development of production of new materials by domestic enterprises. Simultaneously with urban construction, low-rise construction, including individual, settlement and rural construction, is being developed. To ensure them, it is necessary to increase output of not only traditional building materials mentioned above - brick, cement, asbestos-cement products, timber, but also various local building materials. To ensure normal living conditions for population in settlements and cities, it is also necessary to create a well-developed network of roads. Monograph represents interest to mining engineers, researchers, master students of geomechanical, geodetic, mining and environmental specialties.

This book unravels the deep-time story of the Baltic Sea’s ancient shores—landscapes shaped by the retreat of the last Ice Age and still visible today in raised beaches across Fennoscandia. Relict coastal plant species, surviving for millennia in habitats that mirror long-vanished shorelines, reveal how climate, soil and sunlight once allowed pioneer vegetation to flourish on emerging land. Using luminescence and radiocarbon dating, the authors determine the ages of prehistoric shorelines and even provide a new age estimate for a remarkable rock painting.As land rose unevenly after the Ice Age, rivers shifted their courses; the dramatic outburst of the Kymi River through the First Salpausselkä ridge is traced and dated, along with the ensuing floods and ice-block events recorded in oral tradition and place names. Luminescence analyses also uncover evidence of ancient meltwater rivers flowing under the continental ice more than 60,000 years ago—during a milder interval that allowed mammoths to roam Fennoscandia before the ice returned. A vivid synthesis of geology, paleoecology and cultural history, this book brings to life the dynamic landscapes and climatic shifts that shaped Northern Europe’s past.

This book provides an all-encompassing summary of the geology of Ghana contextualized in relation to the West African Craton. Essential details of all the major belts and basins of the Birimian Supergroup are described. Furthermore, all the relevant aspects of the stratigraphy of the Voltaian Supergroup are discussed. The complexities of the Dahomeyide orogenic belts are also unraveled. Finally, Ghana's mineral and energy resources are showcased as well as geohazards emanating from seismic activities in the country. The aim of this book is to ensure a holistic understanding of the geology of the country.This book will be a great textbook for undergraduate students and a quick reference for geoscience researchers, professionals and investors.

Fossil species appear to persist morphologically unchanged for long intervals of geologic time, punctuated by short bursts of rapid change as explained by the Ecological Evolutionary Units (EEUs).

It contains well-known theory and is primarily meant to form a basis for the next chapter where the equations will be reformulated in terms of systems-and-control notation. The second chapter develops representations in state-space notation of the porous-media flow equations.

The book has adopted an historical approach throughout, tracing the development of the ideas of the Earth-moon system, of the birth of the space age, of paleomagnetism and finally of lunar magnetism and its evidence for an early lunar dynamo.

The literature on the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Moghra Formation has been sparse to date, despite some excellent work over the years by academic and petroleum workers.

Discrete Fracture Network Modeling of Hydraulic Stimulation describes the development and testing of a model that couples fluid-flow, deformation, friction weakening, and permeability evolution in large, complex two-dimensional discrete fracture networks.

This study turns to the East Sahel of Sudan by analyzing over 100 years of historical rainfall data from three of the few long term standard WMO rain gauge stations in substantially different rainfall settings.

The study of disaster statistics and disaster occurrence is a complicated interdisciplinary field involving the interplay of new theoretical findings from several scientific fields like mathematics, physics, and computer science. Statistical studies on the mode of occurrence of natural disasters largely rely on fundamental findings in the statistics of rare events, which were derived in the 20th century. With regard to natural disasters, it is not so much the fact that the importance of this problem for mankind was recognized during the last third of the 20th century - the myths one encounters in ancient civilizations show that the problem of disasters has always been recognized - rather, it is the fact that mankind now possesses the necessary theoretical and practical tools to effectively study natural disasters, which in turn supports effective, major practical measures to minimize their impact. All the above factors have resulted in considerable progress in natural disaster research.Substantial accrued material on natural disasters and the use of advanced recording techniques have opened new doors for empirical analysis. However, despite the considerable progress made, the situation is still far from ideal. Sufficiently complete catalogs of events are still not available for many types of disasters, and the methodological and even terminological bases of research need to be further developed and standardized. The present monograph summarizes recent advances in the field of disaster statistics, primarily focusing on the occurrence of disasters that can be described by distributions with heavy tails. These disasters typically occur on a very broad range of scales, the rare greatest events being capable of causing losses comparable to the total losses of all smaller disasters of the same type.Audience:This SpringerBrief will be a valuable resource for those working in the fields of  natural disaster research, risk assessment andloss mitigation at regional and federal governing bodies and in the insurance business, as well as for a broad range of readers interested in problems concerning natural disasters and their effects on human life.

After a brief review of global tectonics and the structure of the crust and upper mantle, the basic relations of conductive heat transport and the rock thermal properties are introduced as well as the various methods for measuring thermal conductivity and heat generation due to the decay of radioactive elements.