Studies in Contemporary Economics – serie
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This volume consists of essays from a colloquium about "philosophy of economics" held at the·University of l1unich in July, 1981. They are contributions to an enterprise which in some respects is long-standing and in other respects is new. The long-standing enterprise is to somehow establish decision theory and its kindred disciplines as the basis of economic theory from which its other parts might be shown to follow. The new enterprise is to apply (some of) the latest methods of phi. losophy of science to economic theory. By "philosophy of science" we do not mean h:istory of science and the like; rather we mean a reconstructive proce dure which clarifies and deepens the understanding of the science under investigation. By "the latest methods" we refer to the structuralist view which has emerged in the last fifteen years, and which has been success fully applied most notably to physical theories. Economics being rather like a stepchild of a reconstructivist philo sophy of science, we think much of the interest of this volume to lie just in its attending to the newer enterprise_ We are happy to have brought together at the colloquium some of the few philosophers of scien ce working in. this field who share this common goal, and we hope that their essays will stimulate further work. -The contributions to the long-standing enterprise, though perhaps not as urgent, are no less valuable.
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Neoclassical Theory Structure and Theory Development
An Empirical-Philosophical Case Study Concerning the Theory of International Trade
Häftad, Engelska, 1983
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There are quite a lot of recent books on the methodology of economics, but all proceed from one or more of the following three fundamental assumptions: 1) Meta-apriorism: it is a priori believed that the results of the philosophy of science of the past decades, associated with the names of Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos, yield conceptual frameworks that can be used to describe the product of the economist's endeavours. 2) Synchronism: it is believed that the inspection of a "theory" of economics, the presentation of some economic belief at a point in time, reveals its logical structure and ipso facto the "method" by which the "theory" is constructed. 3) CreduZity: it is believed that what economists themselves say on their own methods is true, or at least of primary relevance. In this book, I endeavour to show that these assumptions are false. First, the philosophies of science by Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos did not succeed in constructing a conceptual framework capable of describing theory development in economics. Secondly, this can only be seen as soon as not Zogic but history is taken to be the referee judging the adequacy of metatheories (diachronism). Thirdly the results of metaempiricaZ (not-meta-aprioristic), diachronic (not-synchronic) research reveals that even economists themselves turn out frequently to have inadequate metatheories upon which it is dangerous to rely (suspicion instead of credulity) .
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The primary purpose of this study is to develop a framework that will explain the behavior of financial intermediaries and, more precisely, their pricing policies. As financial intermediation is the business of financial assets and liabilities, use is made of concepts and models developed tradition ally in Finance and Economics to end up with recommendations not only for optimal choices of interest rates but also for proper regulation and more sensible accounting methods. Also, the econometric implications of deposit rates stickiness are examined and empirically tested on Belgian data. My debt to many people has been growing during these years and it is a great pleasure to print a text and have the opportunity to thank those who have been so helpful. First of all, let me thank Professor Jacques Dreze, my thesis director. I am grateful to Jacques for encouragments, guidance and so many stimulating discussions. I also thank the members of the Jury, Professors A. Jacquemin, A. Kervyn de Lettenhove, A. Lamfalussy, P. Reding and A. Siaens for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Discussions with Professor P. Howitt while he was visiting the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (C.O.R.E., Universite Catholique de Louvain) in 1979 have greatly contributed to my under standing of the economics of risk sharing between lenders and borrowers. Philippe Gille has been extremely helpful in carrying out the joint econometric estimation in Chapter Five and in suggesting a fine way to present the results.
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Beiträge zur neueren Steuertheorie
Referate des finanztheoretischen Seminars im Kloster Neustift bei Brixen 1983
Häftad, Tyska, 1984
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Progressive Besteuerung kann nicht nur als ein Instrument zur Optimie- rung einer sozialen Wohlfahrtsfunktion gesehen werden, sondern auch als Ergebnis einer Minimierung bestimmter negativer Querbeziehungen von Menschen zueinander. Diese Deutung einer progressiven Einkommen- steuer bietet eine alternative Erklarung des Umverteilungsstaates. Hierbei ist das Menschenbild des Einzelnen dtisterer als das der neo- klassischen Tradition. Wird doch implizit angenommen, daB es ftir den Einzelnen nicht erwtinscht sei, wenn andere in einer Position sind, die er lieber hatte. Aber, woher kommt eigentlich dieser bias der Neoklas- sik, daB sie einseitig egozentrische Menschen in ihrem Menschenbild der Praferenzrelationen akzeptiert, daB sie auch noch bereit ist, alt- ruistische Menschen anzunehmen, aber eine psychologische Erscheinung wie den Neid verdrangen mochte? Moglicherweise liegt der Grund darin, daB man ein gewisses AusmaB an Nejd als leistungserhohende Triebkraft eines Menschen ansieht, also sogar positiv zu bewerten bereit ist.Dies andert aber nichts daran, daB zunehmender Neid die noch naher zu erklarende "Supernutzenfunktion" der einzelnen Individuen in einer Gesellschaft reduziert, so daB auch eine Gesellschaft mit hohem Sozial- produkt, aber sehr intensiven Neidbeziehungen insgesamt wohlfahrtsmaBig ungtinstiger dastehen kann als eine mit niedrigerem Sozialprodukt, aber Reduzierung der Neidbeziehungen.
Economic Consequences of Population Change in Industrialized Countries
Proceedings of the Conference on Population Economics Held at the University of Paderborn, West Germany, June 1–3, 1983
Häftad, Engelska, 1984
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The recent experience of industrialized countries with low fer tility and persistent immigration has stimulated interest in the eco nomic effects of population change in industrial countries and has led to new research in population economics. In Germany, however, where these demographic trends were perhaps most pronounced, research on po pulation economics has lagged. During recent years more German econo mists have also turned to this topic. This upsurge in research activity motivated the organisation of an international conference entitled "Economic Consequences of Population Change in Industrialized Coun tries", which was held from June 1 to June 3, 1983 at the University of Paderborn, W. Germany. The conference was designed to discuss and assess the new theoretical and empirical research work on the effects of population change on the economy, to intensify the international cooperation and to stimulate the research in population economics in W. Germany. This volume contains 23 revised versions of the 27 papers pre sented at the conference. Although the topics of the papers are di verse, they can be grouped into six general themes: The first section, including papers by Cigno, Steinmann, and Simon, deals with models of the secular interrelationships between population change, technical progress and economic growth. The models are built upon the framework of neoclassical growth theory and are extended by the assumption that the rate of technical progress is positively linked with population growth or population density.
Lebenseinkommen und Verteilungsanalyse
Ein methodischer Rahmen für eine Neuorientierung der Verteilungspolitik
Häftad, Tyska, 1984
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Problems of Advanced Economies
Proceedings of the Third Conference on New Problems of Advanced Societies Tokyo, Japan, November 1982
Häftad, Engelska, 1984
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It has been twelve years since the First Symposium on New Problems of Advanced Societies held in November of 1972. During this time, the Second Symposium was held in May of 1976 under the auspices of HWWA-Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg. As the first oil crisis of 1973-74 was still having its impact, the themes taken up in the Second Symposium were mostly economic in nature. We have now convened the Third Symposium. It is held amidst a difficult and eventful time. Stagflation and kinds of anomic phenomena still torment many countries of the world, even several years after the second oil crisis of 1979. In addition, there have been frequent local disputes and conflicts in various areas, especially in the Middle East, which have further intensified the confrontation between the two superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. The international organizations such as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, which have contributed to building post-World War II world order and peace, have come to face functional confusion and crisis entering the 1970s. The accumulated debts of the developing nations are enormous and there are many developing countries'which are reaching the point of bankrupcy.
Studies in Labor Market Dynamics
Proceedings of a Workshop on Labor Market Dynamics Held at Sandbjerg, Denmark August 24 – 28, 1982
Häftad, Engelska, 1984
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This volume consists of papers presented at a conference on labor mar ket theory held in August 1982 at Sandbjerg - a manor house situated in S0nderjylland owned by University of Aarhus. The conference was ar ranged to mark the start of a labor market research project utilizing the first Danish longitudinal data set. The conference was meant to present a survey of the recent developments within labor market theory where unemployment at a given time is seen as a result of flows of in dividuals between the various labor market states. Consequently, al most all papers deal with aspects of transitions on the labor market. The first paper by Andersen discusses from a statisticians point of view how it is possible to analyze longitudinal data on labor market dynamics using statistical models for multivariate counting processes. Models including general calendar time specific intensities and models specifying the distribution of spell lengths as well as their combina tions are included. Finally it is demonstrated how the effect of exo genous, endogenous, and other time dependent variables can be model led. This paper does also contain an example of the application of the model.
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Economics of the Shadow Economy
Proceedings of the International Conference on the Economics of the Shadow Economy, Held at the University of Bielefeld, West Germany, October 10–14, 1983
Häftad, Engelska, 1985
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Robbery, larceny, blackmail, fraud, and other crimes with economic motives are likely to be as old as mankind, and the evasion of taxes and economic regulations can be assumed to begin with the introduction of taxes and economic regulations. Thus the shadow economy is certain ly not a new phenomenon. However, economists did not pay much attention to it until quite recently. P. GUTMANN in his pioneering article "The Subterranean Economy" (Financial Analysts Journal, Nov/Dec 1977, p. 24- 27) was first to point out that unreported economic activity cannot (or, at least, can no longer) be considered as a "quantite negligeable". Challenged by GUTMANN's hypothesis many economists have then tried to assess the quantitative and qualitative importance of the shadow economy (commonly also known as the underground, or subterranean, or black, or unreported economy, and by other names). There seems to be wide agreement nowadays that the shadow economy has not only reached a substantial portion of total economic activity in both Eastern and Western countries but that it is also growing at rates which can no longer be experienced in the official sector. The existence of a considerable volume of unreported economic activities implies that important macroeconomic variables are biased in the official statistics. The rate of unemployment, for example, may be over-estimated while production figures, on the other hand, tend to be underrated. The government could thus be mislead and choose inadequate policies.
Mikroökonomische Theorie der personellen Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung
Allokation und Distribution als Ergebnis intertemporaler Wahlhandlungen
Häftad, Tyska, 1985
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554 kr
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Del 18 - Studies in Contemporary Economics
Familienökonomie
Theoretische und empirische Untersuchungen zur Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und Geburtenentwicklung
Häftad, Tyska, 1985
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Differenzierte Globalsteuerung
Eine empirische Analyse mit einem disaggregierten ökonometrischen Modell
Häftad, Tyska, 1985
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The existence of non-price rationing in credit markets is a subj ect, not only of paramount importance, but of considerable controversy, which is ultimately linked with our understanding, or lack thereof, of the basic nature of the banking firm. A recognition of this phenomenon is critical to the understanding of the banking firm in its major role as a financial intermediary. The banking firm serves as an intermediary in two important spheres, between borrower and lender, and between spenders and the monetary authorities. The basic economic formulation of borrower-lender behavior, the simple Fisherian consumption loan model, while beautiful in its simplicity, fail s to acknowledge any role for a non-neutral financial intermediary. The bank, in its second intermediary role, leads one to question the assumption of both neoclassical and Keynsian monetary theories that monetary changes are diffused across the economy (the proverbial monetary helicopter). Monetary policy effects on spending and investment will clearly be biased by the policies of the banks. The major focus of the present work is the development of a theory of credit rationing based upon the existence of risk reducing information technologies. Implicit in the analysis is a discussion of the role of the banking firm as something more than a tr·aditional financial intermediary. The present analysis will focus on the bank as an intermediary between borrower and lender. It will be shown that in .
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I. II. SOME BASIC REMARKS ON TAXATION 2 11. 1 Foundations 3 I I. 2 Data 11. 3 Principles of Taxation 3 I I I. TAX PROGRESSION I I 1. 1 Preliminary Definition 6 7 I I I. 2 Reasons for Progressive Taxation of Incomes IV. MEASURING THE DEGREE OF PROGRESSION IV. l Notation 10 IV. 2 Measures Suggested by Musgrave/Thin 12 IV. 3 Comparison of these Measures 14 IV. 4 A Reason for Using the RIP 17 IV. 5 The Way to Go 17 V. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF INEQUALITY V. l Lorenz Curves 19 V. 2 Absolute Inequality-Aversion 19 V. 3 Mixed Inequality-Aversion 20 VI. LOCAL MEASURES OF TAX PROGRESSION VI. l Building Blocks 23 VI. 2 Directly Inequality-Equivalent Tax Functions 26 VI. 3 Directly Inequality-Preserving Tax Functions 29 VI. 4 Scale Invariance 31 VI. 5 Type A 32 VI. 6 Implications 33 VI. 7 Type B 44 VI. 8 Implications 46 VI. 9 Further Desiderata for Type A Measures 50 VI. 10 Conclusions 59 VI VII. PROGRESSION AND THE DESIGN OF TAX FUNCTIONS VII. l Introduction 62 VII. 2 Constant Progressivity Tax Functions 62 VII. 3 Tax Revenue Conditions 71 VI I. 4 The German Income Tax Function and Income Distribution 1981 73 VII. 5 #-Cocop Tax Functions for Germany 78 VIi I. GLOBAL MEASURES OF TAX PROGRESSION VIlLi The Problem 83 VIII. 2 Desirable Properties 84 VIII. 3 Suggestions in the Literature 85 VIII.
Causes of Contemporary Stagnation
Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria, October 10–12, 1984
Häftad, Engelska, 1986
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Umverteilung, Effizienz und demographische Abhängigkeit von Rentenversicherungssystemen
Eine modelltheoretische Betrachtung mit ergänzenden Modellrechnungen
Häftad, Tyska, 1987
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Ziel der Arbeit ist die Analyse der intergenerationalen Umverteilungswirkungen des deutschen gesetzlichen Rentenversicherungssystems (GRV), das Aufzeigen von demographischen Abhangigkeiten von Umlage- und Kapitaldeckungssystemen und die Klarung der Rolle der Sozialversicherung fur intertemporale Effizienzaspekte. Das Buch enthalt reichhaltiges institutionelles Detail (Alters-, Invaliden- und Hinterbliebenenrenten) und eroffnet wichtige Einsichten in den intergenerationalen Umverteilungsprozess, der von der GRV ausgeht. Ferner werden die Faktoren herausgearbeitet, die die Finanzierung der GRV beeinflussen. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist die Frage, ob durch einen Wechsel in der Finanzierung (Umlagefinanzierung versus Kapitaldeckung) der GRV die dem deutschen System immanenten demographischen Risiken verhindert werden konnen. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit dient der Klarung des Problems, inwieweit der Sozialversicherung eine Rolle zukommen kann bei der Losung dynamisch ineffizienter privatwirtschaftlicher Allokation.Die im Buch verwendete Analysemethode verbindet die Samuelson-Diamond-Barro-Tradition uberlappender Generationsmodelle mit der Forschungsrichtung in Gestalt der Kohortenanalyse. Da das Modell numerisch spezifizierbar ist, konnen Modellrechnungen durchgefuhrt werden.
Beschäftigung und Konjunktur
Versuch einer Integration verschiedener Erklärungsansätze
Häftad, Tyska, 1987
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Das Buch gibt eine weitgehend vollständige Darstellung und Analyse der Beschäftigungs- und Konjunkturtheorie. Mit dem Ziel der Erklärung der sogenannten stilisierten Fakten kurz- und mittelfristiger ökonomischer Prozesse (Beschäftigung und Konjunktur) werden die wesentlichen, gegenwärtig verfügbaren Denkansätze systematisiert, ergänzt und in einem einheitlichen theoretischen Modellrahmen zusammengefaßt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dabei - der Analyse der Qualität der jeweiligen mikroökonomischen Begründung (Berücksichtigung intertemporaler Entscheidungen bei Unsicherheit und unvollständiger Information); - der jeweiligen Konzeption des Marktmechanismus (market clearing/non market clearing) und der Marktorganisation (perfect/imperfect competition). Die Besonderheit des Buches besteht in der Vermeidung lexikalischer Aufzählung verschiedener zeitgenössischer Theorien zugunsten des Versuchs einer integralen Darstellung und Analyse auf dem Hintergrund eines gemeinsamen Verständnisses des ökonomischen Prozesses als Sequenz temporärer Gleichgewichte. Damit erhält die Abhandlung einerseits Züge eines lehrbuchhaften Überblicks, andererseits verdeutlicht die spezielle Sichtweise die Grenzen der die neuen Makroökonomiken charakterisierenden kompetitiven Grundannahmen. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß eine Weiterentwicklung der makroökonomischen Theorie nur auf der Grundlage einer mikroökonomischen Theorie allgemeinen (temporären) Gleichgewichts bei unvollständiger Konkurrenz zu erwarten ist; erste Ansätze werden diskutiert.
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Eine mikroökonomische Theorie des Bankverhaltens ist ein unverzichtbares Element für ein Verständis der Funktionsweise der Finanz- und Kreditmärkte und des Geldangebotsprozesses. Aus diesem Bedürfnis heraus ist während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte, besonders im angelsächsischen Raum, eine inzwischen recht umfangreiche Literatur entstanden, welche versucht, das Verhalten der Bankunternehmung mikroökonomisch zu modellieren und erklären. Risiko, Informationsunvollständigkeiten und Anpassungskosten spielen in diesen Ansätzen eine zentrale Rolle. Diese Literatur, die im deutschen Sprachraum bisher nur beschränkt Eingang gefunden hat, ist durch offene Fragen in zahlreichen Bereichen gekennzeichnet. Eine Reihe von teilweise sehr unterschiedlichen und nur lose miteinander verbundenen Modellansätzen existiert nebeneinander. Die vorliegende Monographie ist ein Versuch einer kohärenten Darstellung und Weiterentwicklung dieser Literatur. Die Sichtweise der Arbeit ist primär volkswirtschaftlich.
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Die Theorie der Eigentumsrechte kann als eine Synthese verschiedener Forschungsrichtungen innerhalb der modernen Wirtschaftstheorie angesehen werden. In ihr vereinigen sich eine Vielfalt von Konzepten, analytischen Verfahren und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Entsprechend dem hier verwendeten Ansatz wird Eigentum als ein Bündel umfassender Rechte an (quasi-handelbaren) Gütern verstanden. Das durch die Rechte gebildete Eigentumssystem (Eigentumsordnung) wird explizit in die ökonomische Analyse einbezogen. Neben einer entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Würdigung des Eigentums und seiner Bedeutung im Verlaufe der zivilisatorischen Gesellschaftsentwicklung wird anhand einer Übersicht über vorliegende empirische Untersuchungen der Frage nachgegangen, welche allokativen Effizienzwirkungen von unterschiedlichen Ausgestaltungsmechanismen von Eigentums- und Verfügungsrechten, d.h. von einem unterschiedlichen Grad der Verdünnung von Eigentumsrechten, tatsächlich ausgehen. Anhand von empirischen Untersuchungen des Autors werden Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Eigentumsrechtsstrukturen auf das Unternehmensverhalten für den Bereich der Industrie der Bundesrepublik analysiert. Bei der Interpretation der Ergebnisse stehen sich zwei Positionen gegenüber: der auf dem methodologischen Individualismus aufbauende verhaltenstheoretische Ansatz zur Erklärung institutioneller Veränderungen (Neuer Institutionalismus) und der evolutionstheoretische Ansatz zur Erklärung gesamtgesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen und Veränderungen (Institutioneller Wandel) aus eigentumstheoretischer Sicht.