Synthesis Lectures on Communications – serie

The application of mathematical analysis to wireless networks has met with limited success, due to the complexity of mobility and traffic models, coupled with the dynamic topology and the unpredictability of link quality that characterize such networks. The ability to model individual, independent decision makers whose actions potentially affect all other decision makers makes game theory particularly attractive to analyze the performance of ad hoc networks.Game theory is a field of applied mathematics that describes and analyzes interactive decision situations. It consists of a set of analytical tools that predict the outcome of complex interactions among rational entities, where rationality demands a strict adherence to a strategy based on perceived or measured results. In the early to mid-1990's, game theory was applied to networking problems including flow control, congestion control, routing and pricing of Internet services. More recently, there has been growing interest in adopting game-theoretic methods to model today's leading communications and networking issues, including power control and resource sharing in wireless and peer-to-peer networks.This work presents fundamental results in game theory and their application to wireless communications and networking. We discuss normal-form, repeated, and Markov games with examples selected from the literature. We also describe ways in which learning can be modeled in game theory, with direct applications to the emerging field of cognitive radio. Finally, we discuss challenges and limitations in the application of game theory to the analysis of wireless systems. We do not assume familiarity with game theory. We introduce major game theoretic models and discuss applications of game theory including medium access, routing, energy-efficient protocols, and others. We seek to provide the reader with a foundationalunderstanding of the current research on game theory applied to wireless communications and networking.

This book covers the basic aspects of Code Division Multiple Access or CDMA. It begins with an introduction to the basic ideas behind fixed and random access systems in order to demonstrate the difference between CDMA and the more widely understood TDMA, FDMA or CSMA. Secondly, a review of basic spread spectrum techniques are presented which are used in CDMA systems including direct sequence, frequency-hopping and time-hopping approaches. The basic concept of CDMA is presented, followed by the four basic principles of CDMA systems that impact their performance: interference averaging, universal frequency reuse, soft handoff, and statistical multiplexing. The focus of the discussion will then shift to applications. The most common application of CDMA currently is cellular systems. A detailed discussion on cellular voice systems based on CDMA, specifically IS-95, is presented. The capacity of such systems will be examined as well as performance enhancement techniques such as coding and spatial filtering. Also discussed are Third Generation CDMA cellular systems and how they differ from Second Generation systems. A second application of CDMA that is covered is spread spectrum packet radio networks. Finally, there is an examination of multi-user detection and interference cancellation and how such techniques impact CDMA networks. This book should be of interest and value to engineers, advanced students, and researchers in communications.

This lecture covers the fundamentals of spread spectrum modulation, which can be defined as any modulation technique that requires a transmission bandwidth much greater than the modulating signal bandwidth, independently of the bandwidth of the modulating signal. After reviewing basic digital modulation techniques, the principal forms of spread spectrum modulation are described. One of the most important components of a spread spectrum system is the spreading code, and several types and their characteristics are described. The most essential operation required at the receiver in a spread spectrum system is the code synchronization, which is usually broken down into the operations of acquisition and tracking. Means for performing these operations are discussed next. Finally, the performance of spread spectrum systems is of fundamental interest and the effect of jamming is considered, both without and with the use of forward error correction coding. The presentation ends with consideration of spread spectrum systems in the presence of other users. For more complete treatments of spread spectrum, the reader is referred to [1, 2, 3].

Based on the encoding process, arithmetic codes can be viewed as tree codes and current proposals for decoding arithmetic codes with forbidden symbols belong to sequential decoding algorithms and their variants. In this monograph, we propose a new way of looking at arithmetic codes with forbidden symbols. If a limit is imposed on the maximum value of a key parameter in the encoder, this modified arithmetic encoder can also be modeled as a finite state machine and the code generated can be treated as a variable-length trellis code. The number of states used can be reduced and techniques used for decoding convolutional codes, such as the list Viterbi decoding algorithm, can be applied directly on the trellis. The finite state machine interpretation can be easily migrated to Markov source case. We can encode Markov sources without considering the conditional probabilities, while using the list Viterbi decoding algorithm which utilizes the conditional probabilities. We can also use context-based arithmetic coding to exploit the conditional probabilities of the Markov source and apply a finite state machine interpretation to this problem.The finite state machine interpretation also allows us to more systematically understand arithmetic codes with forbidden symbols. It allows us to find the partial distance spectrum of arithmetic codes with forbidden symbols. We also propose arithmetic codes with memories which use high memory but low implementation precision arithmetic codes. The low implementation precision results in a state machine with less complexity. The introduced input memories allow us to switch the probability functions used for arithmetic coding. Combining these two methods give us a huge parameter space of the arithmetic codes with forbidden symbols. Hence we can choose codes with better distance properties while maintaining the encoding efficiency and decoding complexity. A construction and search method is proposed and simulation results show that we can achieve a similar performance as turbo codes when we apply this approach to rate 2/3 arithmetic codes.Table of Contents: Introduction / Arithmetic Codes / Arithmetic Codes with Forbidden Symbols / Distance Property and Code Construction / Conclusion

The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), and many of the devices used for frequency and phase tracking, carrier and symbol synchronization, demodulation, and frequency synthesis, are fundamental building blocks in today's complex communications systems. It is therefore essential for both students and practicing communications engineers interested in the design and implementation of modern communication systems to understand and have insight into the behavior of these important and ubiquitous devices. Since the PLL behaves as a nonlinear device (at least during acquisition), computer simulation can be used to great advantage in gaining insight into the behavior of the PLL and the devices derived from the PLL. The purpose of this Synthesis Lecture is to provide basic theoretical analyses of the PLL and devices derived from the PLL and simulation models suitable for supplementing undergraduate and graduate courses in communications. The Synthesis Lecture is also suitable for self study by practicing engineers. A significant component of this book is a set of basic MATLAB-based simulations that illustrate the operating characteristics of PLL-based devices and enable the reader to investigate the impact of varying system parameters. Rather than providing a comprehensive treatment of the underlying theory of phase-locked loops, theoretical analyses are provided in sufficient detail in order to explain how simulations are developed. The references point to sources currently available that treat this subject in considerable technical depth and are suitable for additional study.Download MATLAB codes (.zip)Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic PLL Theory / Structures Developed From The Basic PLL / Simulation Models / MATLAB Simulations / Noise Performance Analysis

The demand for data traffic over mobile communication networks has substantially increased during the last decade. As a result, these mobile broadband devices spend the available spectrum fiercely, requiring the search for new technologies. In transmissions where the channel presents a frequency-selective behavior, multicarrier modulation (MCM) schemes have proven to be more efficient, in terms of spectral usage, than conventional modulations and spread spectrum techniques.The orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most popular MCM method, since it not only increases spectral efficiency but also yields simple transceivers. All OFDM-based systems, including the single-carrier with frequency-division equalization (SC-FD), transmit redundancy in order to cope with the problem of interference among symbols. This book presents OFDM-inspired systems that are able to, at most, halve the amount of redundancy used by OFDM systems while keeping the computational complexity comparable. Such systems, herein called memoryless linear time-invariant (LTI) transceivers with reduced redundancy, require low-complexity arithmetical operations and fast algorithms. In addition, whenever the block transmitter and receiver have memory and/or are linear time-varying (LTV), it is possible to reduce the redundancy in the transmission even further, as also discussed in this book. For the transceivers with memory it is possible to eliminate the redundancy at the cost of making the channel equalization more difficult. Moreover, when time-varying block transceivers are also employed, then the amount of redundancy can be as low as a single symbol per block, regardless of the size of the channel memory.With the techniques presented in the book it is possible to address what lies beyond the use of OFDM-related solutions in broadband transmissions.Table of Contents: The Big Picture / Transmultiplexers / OFDM / Memoryless LTI Transceivers with Reduced Redundancy / FIR LTV Transceivers with Reduced Redundancy

Underwater vehicles and underwater moorings are increasing in tactical importance. As such, it is critical to have a robust and secure communication system connecting underwater vehicles on a long seaborne mission and a ground station. As a matter of fact, the deployment of efficient communication links with underwater vehicles is one of the greatest technological challenges presently confronted by the world's naval forces.To circumvent most of the limitations involved in the use of RF or acoustic channels for perfectly secure communications with underwater vehicles, it is worth considering the feasibility of an optical channel to facilitate a two-way satellite communication link secured via perfectly secure ciphers enabled by a quantum key distribution protocol.This book offers a concise review of underwater communications systems. Our approach is pedagogical, making a strong emphasis on the physics behind the attenuating properties of the oceanic environment and the propagation of electromagnetic signals in the ELF, VLF, and optical bands. We assume the reader is familiar with the basic principles of classical electrodynamics and optics.The system design, components, and noise analysis of an underwater optical communications device are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we offer simulations of the performance of the communication system for different types of ocean waters. Our final conclusion is that it appears to be feasible to design and build underwater communications using optical classical and quantum channels secured with quantum key distribution protocols.Table of Contents: Introduction / Electrodynamics of Attenuating Media / Underwater Communication Channels / Underwater Optical Communications: Technology / Underwater Optical Communications: Noise Analysis / Underwater Optical Communications: System Performance / Underwater Quantum Communications / ConclusionsPDF (1764 KB) PDF Plus (1444 KB)

The motivation for developing this synthesis lecture was to provide a tutorial on queuing and trunking, with extensions to networks of queues, suitable for supplementing courses in communications, stochastic processes, and networking. An essential component of this lecture is MATLAB-based demonstrations and exercises, which can be easily modified to enable the student to observe and evaluate the impact of changing parameters, arrival and departure statistics, queuing disciplines, the number of servers, and other important aspects of the underlying system model. Much of the work in this lecture is based on Poisson statistics, since Poisson models are useful due to the fact that Poisson models are analytically tractable and provide a useful approximation for many applications. We recognize that the validity of Poisson statistics is questionable for a number of networking applications and therefore we briefly discuss self-similar models and the Hurst parameter, long-term dependent models, the Pareto distribution, and other related topics. Appropriate references are given for continued study on these topics.The initial chapters of this book consider individual queues in isolation. The systems studied consist of an arrival process, a single queue with a particular queuing discipline, and one or more servers. While this allows us to study the basic concepts of queuing and trunking, modern data networks consist of many queues that interact in complex ways. While many of these interactions defy analysis, the final chapter introduces a model of a network of queues in which, after being served in one queue, customers may join another queue. The key result for this model is known as Jackson's Theorem. Finally, we state the BCMP Theorem, which can be viewed as a further extension of Jackson's Theorem and present Kleinrock's formula, which can be viewed as the network versionof Little's Theorem.Table of Contents: Introduction / Poisson, Erlang, and Pareto Distributions / A Brief Introduction to Queueing Theory / Blocking and Delay / Networks of Queues

This book is very specifically targeted to problems in communications and compression by providing the fundamental principles and results in information theory and rate distortion theory for these applications and presenting methods that have proved and will prove useful in analyzing and designing real systems. The chapters contain treatments of entropy, mutual information, lossless source coding, channel capacity, and rate distortion theory; however, it is the selection, ordering, and presentation of the topics within these broad categories that is unique to this concise book. While the coverage of some standard topics is shortened or eliminated, the standard, but important, topics of the chain rules for entropy and mutual information, relative entropy, the data processing inequality, and the Markov chain condition receive a full treatment. Similarly, lossless source coding techniques presented include the Lempel-Ziv-Welch coding method. The material on rate Distortion theory and exploring fundamental limits on lossy source coding covers the often-neglected Shannon lower bound and the Shannon backward channel condition, rate distortion theory for sources with memory, and the extremely practical topic of rate distortion functions for composite sources.

Adaptive filters play an important role in the fields related to digital signal processing and communication, such as system identification, noise cancellation, channel equalization, and beamforming. In practical applications, the computational complexity of an adaptive filter is an important consideration. The Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm is widely used because of its low computational complexity ($O(N)$) and simplicity in implementation. The least squares algorithms, such as Recursive Least Squares (RLS), Conjugate Gradient (CG), and Euclidean Direction Search (EDS), can converge faster and have lower steady-state mean square error (MSE) than LMS. However, their high computational complexity ($O(N^2)$) makes them unsuitable for many real-time applications. A well-known approach to controlling computational complexity is applying partial update (PU) method to adaptive filters. A partial update method can reduce the adaptive algorithm complexity by updating part of the weight vector instead of the entire vector or by updating part of the time. In the literature, there are only a few analyses of these partial update adaptive filter algorithms. Most analyses are based on partial update LMS and its variants. Only a few papers have addressed partial update RLS and Affine Projection (AP). Therefore, analyses for PU least-squares adaptive filter algorithms are necessary and meaningful.This monograph mostly focuses on the analyses of the partial update least-squares adaptive filter algorithms. Basic partial update methods are applied to adaptive filter algorithms including Least Squares CMA (LSCMA), EDS, and CG. The PU methods are also applied to CMA1-2 and NCMA to compare with the performance of the LSCMA. Mathematical derivation and performance analysis are provided including convergence condition, steady-state mean and mean-square performance for a time-invariant system. The steady-state mean and mean-square performance are also presented for a time-varying system. Computational complexity is calculated for each adaptive filter algorithm. Numerical examples are shown to compare the computational complexity of the PU adaptive filters with the full-update filters. Computer simulation examples, including system identification and channel equalization, are used to demonstrate the mathematical analysis and show the performance of PU adaptive filter algorithms. They also show the convergence performance of PU adaptive filters. The performance is compared between the original adaptive filter algorithms and different partial-update methods. The performance is also compared among similar PU least-squares adaptive filter algorithms, such as PU RLS, PU CG, and PU EDS. In addition to the generic applications of system identification and channel equalization, two special applications of using partial update adaptive filters are also presented. One application uses PU adaptive filters to detect Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) signals in a local GSM system using the Open Base Transceiver Station (OpenBTS) and Asterisk Private Branch Exchange (PBX). The other application uses PU adaptive filters to do image compression in a system combining hyperspectral image compression and classification.

Autonomous vehicles use global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to provide a position within a few centimeters of truth. Centimeter positioning requires accurate measurement of each satellite's direct path propagation time. Multipath corrupts the propagation time estimate by creating a time-varying bias. A GNSS receiver model is developed and the effects of multipath are investigated. MATLABtm code is provided to enable readers to run simple GNSS receiver simulations. More specifically, GNSS signal models are presented and multipath mitigation techniques are described for various multipath conditions. Appendices are included in the booklet to derive some of the basics on early minus late code synchronization methods. Details on the numerically controlled oscillator and its properties are also given in the appendix.

In sensor network applications, measured data are often meaningful only when the location is accurately known. In this booklet, we study research problems associated with node localization in wireless sensor networks. We describe sensor network localization problems in terms of a detection and estimation framework and we emphasize specifically a cooperative process where sensors with known locations are used to localize nodes at unknown locations. In this class of problems, even if the location of a node is known, the wireless links and transmission modalities between two nodes may be unknown. In this case, sensor nodes are used to detect the location and estimate pertinent data transmission activities between nodes. In addition to the broader problem of sensor localization, this booklet studies also specific localization measurements such as time of arrival (TOA), received signal strength (RSS), and direction of arrival (DOA). The sequential localization algorithm, which uses a subsetof sensor nodes to estimate nearby sensor nodes' locations is discussed in detail. Extensive bibliography is given for those readers who want to delve further into specific topics.

The area of detection and estimation in a distributed wireless sensor network (WSN) has several applications, including military surveillance, sustainability, health monitoring, and Internet of Things (IoT). Compared with a wired centralized sensor network, a distributed WSN has many advantages including scalability and robustness to sensor node failures. In this book, we address the problem of estimating the structure of distributed WSNs. First, we provide a literature review in: (a) graph theory; (b) network area estimation; and (c) existing consensus algorithms, including average consensus and max consensus. Second, a distributed algorithm for counting the total number of nodes in a wireless sensor network with noisy communication channels is introduced. Then, a distributed network degree distribution estimation (DNDD) algorithm is described. The DNDD algorithm is based on average consensus and in-network empirical mass function estimation. Finally, a fully distributed algorithm forestimating the center and the coverage region of a wireless sensor network is described. The algorithms introduced are appropriate for most connected distributed networks. The performance of the algorithms is analyzed theoretically, and simulations are performed and presented to validate the theoretical results. In this book, we also describe how the introduced algorithms can be used to learn global data information and the global data region.

This book provides the background and the mathematical methods necessary to understand the basic transforms in signal processing and linear systems and probability and random processes to prepare for in depth study of analog and digital communications systems.This tutorial presentation provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series, including trigonometric and complex exponential Fourier series, least squares approximations and generalized Fourier series, and the spectral content of periodic signals.This text thoroughly covers Fourier transform pairs for continuous time signals, Fourier transform properties, and the magnitude and phase of Fourier transforms.The author includes discussions of techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains with particular emphasis on the system transfer function, impulse response, system/filter bandwidth, power and energy calculations, and the time domainsampling theorem.The basics of probability and random processes, including the key concepts of expected value, variance, characteristic functions, common probability distributions, autocorrelation, power spectral densities, wide sense stationarity, and ergodicity, are all developed in some detail.  Many examples and problems are included to illustrate and examine these topics.• Provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series• Presents fundamental Fourier transform properties and example applications• Discusses techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains• Presents a fundamental development of probability and random variables• Develops the basic ideas of random processes including autocorrelation, power spectral densities, stationarity, and ergodicity

This book provides the background and the mathematical methods necessary to understand the basic transforms in signal processing and linear systems and probability and random processes to prepare for in depth study of analog and digital communications systems.This tutorial presentation provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series, including trigonometric and complex exponential Fourier series, least squares approximations and generalized Fourier series, and the spectral content of periodic signals.This text thoroughly covers Fourier transform pairs for continuous time signals, Fourier transform properties, and the magnitude and phase of Fourier transforms.The author includes discussions of techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains with particular emphasis on the system transfer function, impulse response, system/filter bandwidth, power and energy calculations, and the time domainsampling theorem.The basics of probability and random processes, including the key concepts of expected value, variance, characteristic functions, common probability distributions, autocorrelation, power spectral densities, wide sense stationarity, and ergodicity, are all developed in some detail.  Many examples and problems are included to illustrate and examine these topics.• Provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series• Presents fundamental Fourier transform properties and example applications• Discusses techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains• Presents a fundamental development of probability and random variables• Develops the basic ideas of random processes including autocorrelation, power spectral densities, stationarity, and ergodicity

This book develops the basic concepts in understanding Analog Communications.  Beginning with coverage of amplitude modulation, including the time and frequency domain representations of double sideband, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation, and introduces the student to the fundamental ideas of quadrature amplitude modulation, frequency division multiplexing, and digital communications using on-off keying.  The author continues with additional discussion and coverage of the time and frequency domain representations of frequency and phase modulation, including bandwidth calculations, and the use of frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying for the transmission of digital information.  Contents include applications and further analyses of the effects of channel noise on amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation performance based on input versus output signal to noise ratios and some systemcomparisons are discussed.

This book develops the basic concepts in understanding Analog Communications.  Beginning with coverage of amplitude modulation, including the time and frequency domain representations of double sideband, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation, and introduces the student to the fundamental ideas of quadrature amplitude modulation, frequency division multiplexing, and digital communications using on-off keying.  The author continues with additional discussion and coverage of the time and frequency domain representations of frequency and phase modulation, including bandwidth calculations, and the use of frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying for the transmission of digital information.  Contents include applications and further analyses of the effects of channel noise on amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation performance based on input versus output signal to noise ratios and some systemcomparisons are discussed.

This book develops the concepts for the transmission of digital information sequences through analog, band limited channels, including the topics of pulse shaping, channels with amplitude and delay distortion, eye patterns, zero forcing and mean squared error equalization, and data scrambling.  The text considers the effects of noise in digital communications, developing the fundamental ideas of signal space, optimum symbol-by-symbol detection, and modulation system design, with particular emphasis on maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori detection and system performance comparisons based on energy per bit to noise ratio and average error probability.  The key technique of maximum likelihood sequence estimation is also developed.  Tutorial coverage provides an introduction to block and convolutional codes for error control coding, including coding and decoding methods for error detection and correction, tree and trellis representations, and Viterbi decoding.  Some performance comparisons for selected codes in terms of energy per bit to noise ratio versus bit error probability are presented.  This book examines joint coding and modulation methods such as constant envelope modulation and trellis coded modulation, including examples such as minimum shift keying and offset quadrature phase shift keying.

This book develops the concepts for the transmission of digital information sequences through analog, band limited channels, including the topics of pulse shaping, channels with amplitude and delay distortion, eye patterns, zero forcing and mean squared error equalization, and data scrambling.  The text considers the effects of noise in digital communications, developing the fundamental ideas of signal space, optimum symbol-by-symbol detection, and modulation system design, with particular emphasis on maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori detection and system performance comparisons based on energy per bit to noise ratio and average error probability.  The key technique of maximum likelihood sequence estimation is also developed.  Tutorial coverage provides an introduction to block and convolutional codes for error control coding, including coding and decoding methods for error detection and correction, tree and trellis representations, and Viterbi decoding.  Some performance comparisons for selected codes in terms of energy per bit to noise ratio versus bit error probability are presented.  This book examines joint coding and modulation methods such as constant envelope modulation and trellis coded modulation, including examples such as minimum shift keying and offset quadrature phase shift keying.

This book aims to address a wide range of topics in wireless/satellite communications to tackle the issues related to the integration of terrestrial networks (TN) with non-terrestrial networks (NTN). In Release 17, the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) proposed the standardization of NTN to allow 5G-based TN to support NTN. According to Release 17, the NTN will consist of satellites, with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) regarded as specific use cases of NTN. Similar to the Global Positioning System (GPS), signals based on NTN are unable to provide indoor coverage, as these signals are attenuated and scattered by roofs, walls, etc. Moreover, power and delay are critical factors that restrict a cellular-enabled mobile handset from achieving reliability, seamless coverage, and low latency while relying on NTN. This book has brought together multidisciplinary contributors in the field of wireless/satellite communications to identify and present technical challenges and recent results related to the design of energy-efficient, delay-tolerant, and enhanced coverage-based integrated TN and NTN. Given that challenges and future aspects are also considered, the book covers a wide variety of subject categories and would therefore benefit a larger readership in the scientific community.

This book aims to address a wide range of topics in wireless/satellite communications to tackle the issues related to the integration of terrestrial networks (TN) with non-terrestrial networks (NTN). In Release 17, the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) proposed the standardization of NTN to allow 5G-based TN to support NTN. According to Release 17, the NTN will consist of satellites, with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) regarded as specific use cases of NTN. Similar to the Global Positioning System (GPS), signals based on NTN are unable to provide indoor coverage, as these signals are attenuated and scattered by roofs, walls, etc. Moreover, power and delay are critical factors that restrict a cellular-enabled mobile handset from achieving reliability, seamless coverage, and low latency while relying on NTN. This book has brought together multidisciplinary contributors in the field of wireless/satellite communications to identify and present technical challenges and recent results related to the design of energy-efficient, delay-tolerant, and enhanced coverage-based integrated TN and NTN. Given that challenges and future aspects are also considered, the book covers a wide variety of subject categories and would therefore benefit a larger readership in the scientific community.

This book describes the methods and application of Visible Light  Communication (VLC) and covers topics such as light sources, detectors,  VLC systems, optical modulation schemes, optical multiple-access  techniques, new VLC standards, and current applications including  ubiquitous indoor information services, visible-light wireless LAN  (LiFi), underwater optical wireless communications, and VLC with art.

This book describes the methods and application of Visible Light  Communication (VLC) and covers topics such as light sources, detectors,  VLC systems, optical modulation schemes, optical multiple-access  techniques, new VLC standards, and current applications including  ubiquitous indoor information services, visible-light wireless LAN  (LiFi), underwater optical wireless communications, and VLC with art.

This book provides a comprehensive discussion about the trends in network transformation towards intelligent networks and what the future holds for communication infrastructure. The author unveils the interplay of technologies and technological know-how that are shaping the industry. Delving into the evolution of networking infrastructures from static to dynamic and intelligent, this book explores how these advancements are enhancing user experiences, driving digital transformation in businesses, and revolutionizing the way the world connects. Covering trends in networking technologies, advances in SOCs, cloud networking, automation, network insights (telemetry and observability), container networking, network security, and AI infrastructure, readers will gain valuable insights into the cutting-edge technologies shaping the landscape of communication infrastructure. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional or a newcomer to the field, this book offers an invaluable resource for understanding the latest advancements and future directions in networking technology.

This book provides a comprehensive discussion about the trends in network transformation towards intelligent networks and what the future holds for communication infrastructure. The author unveils the interplay of technologies and technological know-how that are shaping the industry. Delving into the evolution of networking infrastructures from static to dynamic and intelligent, this book explores how these advancements are enhancing user experiences, driving digital transformation in businesses, and revolutionizing the way the world connects. Covering trends in networking technologies, advances in SOCs, cloud networking, automation, network insights (telemetry and observability), container networking, network security, and AI infrastructure, readers will gain valuable insights into the cutting-edge technologies shaping the landscape of communication infrastructure. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional or a newcomer to the field, this book offers an invaluable resource for understanding the latest advancements and future directions in networking technology.

This book explores the transformative potential of 5G technology in delivering high-speed broadband services through wireless means, particularly targeting underserved and rural areas. The book covers several key topics, including high-frequency spectrum bands, advanced transmission schemes, multi-connectivity, adaptive numerology, and Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB). These elements are critical for enhancing network performance, increasing capacity, and reducing latency. High-frequency spectrum bands, such as those above 24 GHz, are essential for providing the necessary bandwidth to support high data rates and capacity. The book explains how these bands, while offering unprecedented peak rates, present challenges such as limited coverage and penetration, which are addressed through advanced technical solutions. Advanced transmission schemes, including massive beamforming and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, are explored in detail. These technologies enable the efficient use of the spectrum by allowing multiple user terminals to be served simultaneously on the same frequency resources, thereby increasing the overall network capacity and improving user experiences. Multi-connectivity and adaptive numerology are also key topics. Multi-connectivity allows user equipment to connect to multiple network nodes simultaneously, improving reliability and performance. Adaptive numerology, defined in 3GPP Release 15, supports a flexible range of subcarrier spacing to cater to different services, quality of service requirements, latency needs, and frequency ranges. IAB is another significant topic covered in the book. IAB leverages the same spectrum for both access and backhaul, simplifying deployment and reducing costs. By using the 5G infrastructure to support backhaul, it eliminates the need for extensive fiber installations, making it easier to extend high-speed connectivity to remote and rural areas. These topics are crucial as they collectively address the limitations of traditional wired infrastructure, which is often costly and time-consuming to deploy in rural and hard-to-reach areas. By leveraging 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), the book sets out to solve the problem of the digital divide, aiming to make high-speed internet more accessible and affordable. The relevance of these solutions is underscored by the growing global demand for reliable, high-speed internet access. As the book outlines, 5G FWA not only enhances broadband services but also plays a pivotal role in bridging the digital divide, ensuring that more people, regardless of their location, can benefit from the advancements in internet technology. This makes "5G FWA " an essential read for understanding the future of broadband connectivity and the strategic approaches needed to overcome deployment challenges. This book is intended to be a definitive guide for professionals, researchers, policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding the nuances and implications of this transformative technology.

This book explores the transformative potential of 5G technology in delivering high-speed broadband services through wireless means, particularly targeting underserved and rural areas. The book covers several key topics, including high-frequency spectrum bands, advanced transmission schemes, multi-connectivity, adaptive numerology, and Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB). These elements are critical for enhancing network performance, increasing capacity, and reducing latency. High-frequency spectrum bands, such as those above 24 GHz, are essential for providing the necessary bandwidth to support high data rates and capacity. The book explains how these bands, while offering unprecedented peak rates, present challenges such as limited coverage and penetration, which are addressed through advanced technical solutions. Advanced transmission schemes, including massive beamforming and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, are explored in detail. These technologies enable the efficient use of the spectrum by allowing multiple user terminals to be served simultaneously on the same frequency resources, thereby increasing the overall network capacity and improving user experiences. Multi-connectivity and adaptive numerology are also key topics. Multi-connectivity allows user equipment to connect to multiple network nodes simultaneously, improving reliability and performance. Adaptive numerology, defined in 3GPP Release 15, supports a flexible range of subcarrier spacing to cater to different services, quality of service requirements, latency needs, and frequency ranges. IAB is another significant topic covered in the book. IAB leverages the same spectrum for both access and backhaul, simplifying deployment and reducing costs. By using the 5G infrastructure to support backhaul, it eliminates the need for extensive fiber installations, making it easier to extend high-speed connectivity to remote and rural areas. These topics are crucial as they collectively address the limitations of traditional wired infrastructure, which is often costly and time-consuming to deploy in rural and hard-to-reach areas. By leveraging 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), the book sets out to solve the problem of the digital divide, aiming to make high-speed internet more accessible and affordable. The relevance of these solutions is underscored by the growing global demand for reliable, high-speed internet access. As the book outlines, 5G FWA not only enhances broadband services but also plays a pivotal role in bridging the digital divide, ensuring that more people, regardless of their location, can benefit from the advancements in internet technology. This makes "5G FWA " an essential read for understanding the future of broadband connectivity and the strategic approaches needed to overcome deployment challenges. This book is intended to be a definitive guide for professionals, researchers, policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding the nuances and implications of this transformative technology.

This book introduces current efficient and secure backscatter networking schemes for RFID. The authors integrate these schemes with a concrete example, namely RFID-based missing item detection. The book presents a large palette of tools indispensable in the RFID-based passive IoT (such as compute complexity analysis, approximate algorithm design, the probabilistic data structure, and the protocol stack in COTS and software-defined RFID tags) and how these tools can be carefully tuned and adapted to be practically applied in RFID systems. The book elaborates the state-of-the-art research bringing the conventional data structure and traffic engineering technology in the core network into the emerging IoT applications of RFID. This does not only boost the performance for RFID systems, but also inspires new research directions. The authors believe that this book will interest researchers, professionals, and graduates working in RFID system design and engineering, low-power IoT as well as other related fields.

This book introduces current efficient and secure backscatter networking schemes for RFID. The authors integrate these schemes with a concrete example, namely RFID-based missing item detection. The book presents a large palette of tools indispensable in the RFID-based passive IoT (such as compute complexity analysis, approximate algorithm design, the probabilistic data structure, and the protocol stack in COTS and software-defined RFID tags) and how these tools can be carefully tuned and adapted to be practically applied in RFID systems. The book elaborates the state-of-the-art research bringing the conventional data structure and traffic engineering technology in the core network into the emerging IoT applications of RFID. This does not only boost the performance for RFID systems, but also inspires new research directions. The authors believe that this book will interest researchers, professionals, and graduates working in RFID system design and engineering, low-power IoT as well as other related fields.