Theory and Decision Library D: – serie
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29 produkter
29 produkter
Inbunden, Engelska, 1989
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
It took many decades for Peirce's coneept of a relation to find its way into the microelectronic innards of control systems of eement kilns, subway trains, and tunnel-digging machinery. But what is amazing is that the more we leam about the basically simple coneept of a relation, the more aware we become of its fundamental importanee and wide ranging ramifications. The work by Di Nola, Pedrycz, Sanchez, and Sessa takes us a long distanee in this direction by opening new vistas on both the theory and applications of fuzzy relations - relations which serve to model the imprecise coneepts which pervade the real world. Di Nola, Pedrycz, Sanchez, and Sessa focus their attention on a eentral problem in the theory of fuzzy relations, namely the solution of fuzzy relational equations. The theory of such equations was initiated by Sanchez in 1976, ina seminal paper dealing with the resolution of composite fuzzy relational equations. Sinee then, hundreds of papers have been written on this and related topics, with major contributions originating in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Japan, China, the Soviet Union, India, and other countries. The bibliography included in this volume highlights the widespread interest in the theory of fuzzy relational equations and the broad spectrum of its applications.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The present monograph intends to establish a solid link among three fields: fuzzy set theory, information retrieval, and cluster analysis. Fuzzy set theory supplies new concepts and methods for the other two fields, and provides a common frame work within which they can be reorganized. Four principal groups of readers are assumed: researchers or students who are interested in (a) application of fuzzy sets, (b) theory of information retrieval or bibliographic databases, (c) hierarchical clustering, and (d) application of methods in systems science. Readers in group (a) may notice that the fuzzy set theory used here is very simple, since only finite sets are dealt with. This simplification enables the max min algebra to deal with fuzzy relations and matrices as equivalent entities. Fuzzy graphs are also used for describing theoretical properties of fuzzy relations. This assumption of finite sets is sufficient for applying fuzzy sets to information retrieval and cluster analysis. This means that little theory, beyond the basic theory of fuzzy sets, is required. Although readers in group (b) with little background in the theory of fuzzy sets may have difficulty with a few sections, they will also find enough in this monograph to support an intuitive grasp of this new concept of fuzzy information retrieval. Chapter 4 provides fuzzy retrieval without the use of mathematical symbols. Also, fuzzy graphs will serve as an aid to the intuitive understanding of fuzzy relations.
Del 5 - Theory and Decision Library D:
Progress in Fuzzy Sets and Systems
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
1 082 kr
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This volume contains the proceedings of the Second Joint IFSA-EC and EURO-WGFS Workshop on Progress in Fuzzy Sets in Europe held on April 6 -8, 1989 in Vienna, Austria. The workshop was organized by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang H. Janko from the University of Economics in Vienna under the auspices of IFSA-EC, the European chapter of the International Fuzzy Systems Association, and EURO-WGFS, the working group on Fuzzy Sets of the Association of Eu ropean Operational Research Societies. The workshop gathered more than 30 participants coming from Western European countries (Austria, Bel gium, England, Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Scotland and Spain) Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, the German Federal Repu blic, Hungary and Poland) and non-European countries such as China and Japan. The 15 selected and refereed papers included in the volume are in prin ciple the author's own versions, with limited editorial changes and small corrections. They are arranged in alphabetical order. I wish to thank all the contributors for their valuable papers and an outstan ding cooperation in the editorial project. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Dr. H. J. Zimmermann for the cooperation in the refereeing procedure.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
2 221 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Operations Research is a field whose major contribution has been to propose a rigorous fonnulation of often ill-defmed problems pertaining to the organization or the design of large scale systems, such as resource allocation problems, scheduling and the like. While this effort did help a lot in understanding the nature of these problems, the mathematical models have proved only partially satisfactory due to the difficulty in gathering precise data, and in formulating objective functions that reflect the multi-faceted notion of optimal solution according to human experts. In this respect linear programming is a typical example of impressive achievement of Operations Research, that in its detenninistic fonn is not always adapted to real world decision-making : everything must be expressed in tenns of linear constraints ; yet the coefficients that appear in these constraints may not be so well-defined, either because their value depends upon other parameters (not accounted for in the model) or because they cannot be precisely assessed, and only qualitative estimates of these coefficients are available. Similarly the best solution to a linear programming problem may be more a matter of compromise between various criteria rather than just minimizing or maximizing a linear objective function. Lastly the constraints, expressed by equalities or inequalities between linear expressions, are often softer in reality that what their mathematical expression might let us believe, and infeasibility as detected by the linear programming techniques can often been coped with by making trade-offs with the real world.
Del 7 - Theory and Decision Library D:
Advances in Computer-Based Human Assessment
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
2 096 kr
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Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
866 kr
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The papers presented at the Symposium focused mainly on two fields of interest. First, there were papers dealing with the theoretical background of fuzzy logic and with applications of fuzzy reasoning to the problems of artificial intelligence, robotics and expert systems. Second, quite a large number of papers were devoted to fuzzy approaches to modelling of decision-making situations under uncertainty and vagueness and their applications to the evaluation of alternatives, system control and optimization. Apart from that, there were also some interesting contributions from other areas, like fuzzy classifications and the use of fuzzy approaches in quantum physics. The volume contains papers presented at the Symposium and will be of use to all those researchers interested in fuzzy set theory and its applications.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
4 091 kr
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To-date computers are supposed to store and exploit knowledge. At least that is one of the aims of research fields such as Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems. However, the problem is to understand what knowledge means, to find ways of representing knowledge, and to specify automated machineries that can extract useful information from stored knowledge. Knowledge is something people have in their mind, and which they can express through natural language. Knowl edge is acquired not only from books, but also from observations made during experiments; in other words, from data. Changing data into knowledge is not a straightforward task. A set of data is generally disorganized, contains useless details, although it can be incomplete. Knowledge is just the opposite: organized (e.g. laying bare dependencies, or classifications), but expressed by means of a poorer language, i.e. pervaded by imprecision or even vagueness, and assuming a level of granularity. One may say that knowledge is summarized and organized data - at least the kind of knowledge that computers can store.
Del 10 - Theory and Decision Library D:
Nature, Cognition and System II
Current Systems-Scientific Research on Natural and Cognitive Systems Volume 2: On Complementarity and Beyond
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
2 096 kr
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The three volumes comprising "Nature, Cognition and System" present a representative collection of reports on current research in the major topics of system theory and cybernetics as applied to the two main classes of systems, that is the natural and cognitive systems. The contributions present such time-honoured and controversial issues of the "nature-cognition-system connection" which in principle and in fact form the very subject-matter of the current "sciences of complexity". In the present volume Niels Borh's seminal ideal of "complementarity" has been chosen as the hinge around which these discussions, critical appraisals, alternative views and applications, both orthodox and non-orthodox, have taken place. This pivotal notion seems to exert an appeal not only upon the strictly technical of disciplinary aspects of quantum physics, but also upon the wider epistemological understanding, which is based on the role and nature of language for measurement processes, thet Bohr himself seemed to apply to subjects other than physics and which later might turn out to be of primary importance for an explanation in genuine system-scientific context.Volume two is organized into three parts. The first part contains contributions which have been written in the spirit of the Copenhagen Interpretation. The second one contains those with a pronounced critical mood towards the orthodox theory, including the discussions among others of the problematic issues of physics and cognitive science. The third part is dedicated to the discussions of this complex "nature-cognition-system connection" from the non-orthodox point of view. This text should be useful to researchers, practitioners, teachers and students of the variety of disciplines making up modern system theory, cybernetics and cognitive science.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1992
3 328 kr
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Knowledge is understood here as an ability to classify objects. Objects being in the same class are indiscernible by means of attributes and form elementrary building blocks (granules, atoms). In particular, the granularity of knowledge causes that some notions cannot be expressed precisely within available knowledge and can be defined only vaguely. In the rough sets theory created by Z. Pawlak each imprecise concept is replaced by a pair of precise concepts called its lower and upper approximation. These approximations are fundamental tools of reasoning about knowledge. The rough sets philosophy turned out to be a very effective, new tool with many successful real-life applications to its credit. It is worthwhile stressing that no auxiliary assumptions are needed about data, like probability or membership function values, which is its great advantage. The present book reveals a wide spectrum of applications of the rough set concept, giving the reader the flavour of, and insight into, the methodology of the newly developed discipline. Although the book emphasizes application, comparison and other related methods and further developments receive due attention.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
3 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Fuzzy Logic: State of the Art covers a wide range of both theory and applications of fuzzy sets, ranging from mathematical basics, through artificial intelligence, computer management and systems science to engineering applications.Fuzzy Logic will be of interest to researchers working in fuzzy set theory and its applications.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1993
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This work presents ideas in the synthesis, analysis, and quality estimating of choice and ranking rules with crisp and valued preference relations of arbitrary type (non-transitive, non-antisymmetric, etc.). A regular structure of rationality concepts underlying conventional and modern choice rules is discovered, giving rise to a notion of a "fuzzy decision procedure". Quality estimates for decision procedures (contensiveness and efficiency criteria) differ from the paradigm of choice theory; they are derived from the conjectures on continuous preferences and of acceptability of multifold choice. This method results in an "extended choice logic", with uncertainty being organically absorbed by decision rules. Paradoxically, in this "softer" logic, the list of well-defined decision rules is considerably reduced, and revision of acknowledged rules is motivated. Applications to decision support systems and multicriteria decision-making are discussed and explained. Two relatively independent topics of the book are the axiomatic study of fuzzy implications and inclusions, and the general technique for fuzzy relational systems.The book is intended for researchers, professionals and students working in fuzzy set theory, decision-making and management science.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1994
1 667 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The encounter, in the late seventies, between the theory of triangular norms, issuing frorn stochastic geornetry, especially the works of Menger, Schweizer and Sklar, on the one band, and the theory of fuzzy sets due to Zadeh, 10n the other band has been very fruitful. Triangular norms have proved to be ready-rnade mathematical rnodels of fuzzy set intersections and have shed light on the algebraic foundations of fuzzy sets. One basic idea behind the study of triangular norms is to solve functional equations that stern frorn prescribed axioms describing algebraic properties such as associativity. Alternative operations such as rneans have been characterized in a similar way by Kolmogorov, for instance, and the rnethods for solving functional equations are now weil established thanks to the efforts of Aczel, among others. One can say without overstaternent that the introduction of triangular norms in fuzzy sets has strongly influenced further developrnents in fuzzy set theory, and has significantly contributed to its better acceptance in pure and applied rnathematics circles.The book by Fodor and Roubens systematically exploits the benefits of this encounter in the- analysis of fuzzy relations. The authors apply functional equation rnethods to notions such as equivalence relations, and various kinds of orderings, for the purpose of preference rnodelling. Centtal to this book is the rnultivalued extension of the well-known result claiming that any relation expressing weak preference can be separated into three cornponents respectively describing strict preference, indifference and incomparability.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1987
1 667 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume is about "Structure". The search for "structure", always the pursuit of sciences within their specific areas and perspectives, is witnessing these days a dra matic revolution. The coexistence and interaction of so many structures (atoms, hu mans, cosmos and all that there is in between) would be unconceivable according to many experts, if there were not, behind it all, some gen eral organizational principle. s that (at least in some asymptotic way) make possible so many equilibria among species and natural objects, fan tastically tuned to an extremely high degree of precision. The evidence accumulates to an increasingly impressive degree; a concrete example comes from physics, whose constant aim always was and is that of searching for "ultimate laws", out of which everything should follow, from quarks to the cosmos. Our notions and philosophy have un dergone major revolutions, whenever the "unthinkable" has been changed by its wonderful endeavours into "fact". Well, it is just from physics that evidence comes: even if the "ultimate" could be reached, it would not in any way be a terminal point. When "complexity" comes into the game, entirely new notions have to be invented; they all have to do with "structure", though this time in a much wider sense than would have been understood a decade or so ago.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
It took many decades for Peirce's coneept of a relation to find its way into the microelectronic innards of control systems of eement kilns, subway trains, and tunnel-digging machinery. But what is amazing is that the more we leam about the basically simple coneept of a relation, the more aware we become of its fundamental importanee and wide ranging ramifications. The work by Di Nola, Pedrycz, Sanchez, and Sessa takes us a long distanee in this direction by opening new vistas on both the theory and applications of fuzzy relations - relations which serve to model the imprecise coneepts which pervade the real world. Di Nola, Pedrycz, Sanchez, and Sessa focus their attention on a eentral problem in the theory of fuzzy relations, namely the solution of fuzzy relational equations. The theory of such equations was initiated by Sanchez in 1976, ina seminal paper dealing with the resolution of composite fuzzy relational equations. Sinee then, hundreds of papers have been written on this and related topics, with major contributions originating in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland, Japan, China, the Soviet Union, India, and other countries. The bibliography included in this volume highlights the widespread interest in the theory of fuzzy relational equations and the broad spectrum of its applications.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The present monograph intends to establish a solid link among three fields: fuzzy set theory, information retrieval, and cluster analysis. Fuzzy set theory supplies new concepts and methods for the other two fields, and provides a common frame work within which they can be reorganized. Four principal groups of readers are assumed: researchers or students who are interested in (a) application of fuzzy sets, (b) theory of information retrieval or bibliographic databases, (c) hierarchical clustering, and (d) application of methods in systems science. Readers in group (a) may notice that the fuzzy set theory used here is very simple, since only finite sets are dealt with. This simplification enables the max min algebra to deal with fuzzy relations and matrices as equivalent entities. Fuzzy graphs are also used for describing theoretical properties of fuzzy relations. This assumption of finite sets is sufficient for applying fuzzy sets to information retrieval and cluster analysis. This means that little theory, beyond the basic theory of fuzzy sets, is required. Although readers in group (b) with little background in the theory of fuzzy sets may have difficulty with a few sections, they will also find enough in this monograph to support an intuitive grasp of this new concept of fuzzy information retrieval. Chapter 4 provides fuzzy retrieval without the use of mathematical symbols. Also, fuzzy graphs will serve as an aid to the intuitive understanding of fuzzy relations.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
3 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Intelligent decision support is based on human knowledge related to a specific part of a real or abstract world. When the knowledge is gained by experience, it is induced from empirical data. The data structure, called an information system, is a record of objects described by a set of attributes. Knowledge is understood here as an ability to classify objects. Objects being in the same class are indiscernible by means of attributes and form elementary building blocks (granules, atoms). In particular, the granularity of knowledge causes that some notions cannot be expressed precisely within available knowledge and can be defined only vaguely. In the rough sets theory created by Z. Pawlak each imprecise concept is replaced by a pair of precise concepts called its lower and upper approximation. These approximations are fundamental tools and reasoning about knowledge. The rough sets philosophy turned out to be a very effective, new tool with many successful real-life applications to its credit. It is worthwhile stressing that no auxiliary assumptions are needed about data, like probability or membership function values, which is its great advantage. The present book reveals a wide spectrum of applications of the rough set concept, giving the reader the flavor of, and insight into, the methodology of the newly developed disciplines. Although the book emphasizes applications, comparison with other related methods and further developments receive due attention.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 619 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The encounter, in the late seventies, between the theory of triangular norms, issuing frorn stochastic geornetry, especially the works of Menger, Schweizer and Sklar, on the one band, and the theory of fuzzy sets due to Zadeh, 10n the other band has been very fruitful. Triangular norms have proved to be ready-rnade mathematical rnodels of fuzzy set intersections and have shed light on the algebraic foundations of fuzzy sets. One basic idea behind the study of triangular norms is to solve functional equations that stern frorn prescribed axioms describing algebraic properties such as associativity. Alternative operations such as rneans have been characterized in a similar way by Kolmogorov, for instance, and the rnethods for solving functional equations are now weil established thanks to the efforts of Aczel, among others. One can say without overstaternent that the introduction of triangular norms in fuzzy sets has strongly influenced further developrnents in fuzzy set theory, and has significantly contributed to its better acceptance in pure and applied rnathematics circles.The book by Fodor and Roubens systematically exploits the benefits of this encounter in the- analysis of fuzzy relations. The authors apply functional equation rnethods to notions such as equivalence relations, and various kinds of orderings, for the purpose of preference rnodelling. Centtal to this book is the rnultivalued extension of the well-known result claiming that any relation expressing weak preference can be separated into three cornponents respectively describing strict preference, indifference and incomparability.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
1 605 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
In decision theory there are basically two appr~hes to the modeling of individual choice: one is based on an absolute representation of preferences leading to a ntDnerical expression of preference intensity. This is utility theory. Another approach is based on binary relations that encode pairwise preference. While the former has mainly blossomed in the Anglo-Saxon academic world, the latter is mostly advocated in continental Europe, including Russia. The advantage of the utility theory approach is that it integrates uncertainty about the state of nature, that may affect the consequences of decision. Then, the problems of choice and ranking from the knowledge of preferences become trivial once the utility function is known. In the case of the relational approach, the model does not explicitly accounts for uncertainty, hence it looks less sophisticated. On the other hand it is more descriptive than normative in the first stand because it takes the pairwise preference pattern expressed by the decision-maker as it is and tries to make the best out of it. Especially the preference relation is not supposed to have any property. The main problem with the utility theory approach is the gap between what decision-makers are and can express, and what the theory would like them to be and to be capable of expressing. With the relational approach this gap does not exist, but the main difficulty is now to build up convincing choice rules and ranking rules that may help the decision process.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
3 524 kr
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Fuzzy Logic: State of the Art covers a wide range of both theory and applications of fuzzy sets, ranging from mathematical basics, through artificial intelligence, computer management and systems science to engineering applications.Fuzzy Logic will be of interest to researchers working in fuzzy set theory and its applications.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
540 kr
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The theory of fuzzy sets has become known in Czechoslovakia in the early seventies. Since then, it was applied in various areas of science, engineering and economics where indeterminate concepts had to be handled. There has been a number of national semi- nars and conferences devoted to this topic. However, the International Symposium on Fuzzy Approach to Reasoning and Decision-Making, held in 1990, was the first really representative international meeting of this kind organized in Czechoslovakia. The symposium took place in the House of Scientists of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Bechyne from June 25 till 29, 1990. Its main organizer was Mining In- stitute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Ostrava in cooperation and support of several other institutions and organizations. A crucial role in preparing of the Sym- posium was played by the working group for Fuzzy Sets and Systems which is active in the frame of the Society of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists. The organizing and program committee was headed by Dr. Vilem Novak from the Mining Institute in Ostrava. Its members (in alphabetical order) were Dr. Martin Cerny (Prague), Prof.Bla- hoslav Harman (Liptovsky Mikulas), Ema Hyklova (Prague), Prof. Zdenek Karpfsek (Brno), Jan Laub (Prague), Dr. Milan MareS - vice-chairman (Prague), Prof. Radko Mesiar (Bratislava), Dr. Jifi Nekola - vice-chairman (Prague), Daria Novakova (Os- trava), Dr. Jaroslav Ramfk (Ostrava), Prof. Dr. Beloslav Riecan (Bratislava), Dr. Jana TalaSova (Pi'erov) and Dr. Milos Vitek (Pardubice).
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
2 138 kr
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is both a player and a spectator, is explained here illuminatingly. With regard to logical ambiguities and paradoxes, which may show up in all these topics, he, like Locker, is of the opinion that, philosophically speaking all apory of a lower level have to be accepted an a higher level of thinking. After the above expositions of a more general purport we turn now to two contributions which are particularly focused on Bohr's concept of complementarity. First is the article of Hilgevoord who briefly and non-technically describes a short curriculum vitae of the concept beginning with Planck through Bohr to Heisenberg and Schrodinger. Included in this short story, of course, is the famous wave-particle duality and the paradox inherent in it many physicists are still saddled with. How this paradox was solved is explained here simply and clearly: first, generally by quantum mechanics where the disturbance theory of measurement was supposed to be of some relevance, and secondly, where this theory is further refmed leading to Bohr's conclusion of the essential unsolvability, and accordingly the completeness, of the statistical element of quantum mechanics. The reading of this short article may arouse questions and surmises whether complementarity has been ruminated by Bohr to tame the law of excluded middle dividing the well-defined content of position measurement from that of momentum measurement, just to mention one. Whatever it may be the idea of complementarity betrays the perplexity of the observing system in dealing with nature's complexity.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
2 078 kr
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Häftad, Engelska, 2012
4 057 kr
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To-date computers are supposed to store and exploit knowledge. At least that is one of the aims of research fields such as Artificial Intelligence and Information Systems. However, the problem is to understand what knowledge means, to find ways of representing knowledge, and to specify automated machineries that can extract useful information from stored knowledge. Knowledge is something people have in their mind, and which they can express through natural language. Knowl edge is acquired not only from books, but also from observations made during experiments; in other words, from data. Changing data into knowledge is not a straightforward task. A set of data is generally disorganized, contains useless details, although it can be incomplete. Knowledge is just the opposite: organized (e.g. laying bare dependencies, or classifications), but expressed by means of a poorer language, i.e. pervaded by imprecision or even vagueness, and assuming a level of granularity. One may say that knowledge is summarized and organized data - at least the kind of knowledge that computers can store.
Del 16 - Theory and Decision Library D:
Fuzzy Logic and its Applications to Engineering, Information Sciences, and Intelligent Systems
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
540 kr
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Fuzzy technology has emerged as one of the most exciting new concepts available. Fuzzy Logic and its Applications... covers a wide range of the theory and applications of fuzzy logic and related systems, including industrial applications of fuzzy technology, implementing human intelligence in machines and systems. There are four main themes: intelligent systems, engineering, mathematical foundations, and information sciences. Both academics and the technical community will learn how and why fuzzy logic is appreciated in the conceptual, design and manufacturing stages of intelligent systems, gaining an improved understanding of the basic science and the foundations of human reasoning.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 073 kr
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This volume contains the proceedings of the Second Joint IFSA-EC and EURO-WGFS Workshop on Progress in Fuzzy Sets in Europe held on April 6 -8, 1989 in Vienna, Austria. The workshop was organized by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang H. Janko from the University of Economics in Vienna under the auspices of IFSA-EC, the European chapter of the International Fuzzy Systems Association, and EURO-WGFS, the working group on Fuzzy Sets of the Association of Eu ropean Operational Research Societies. The workshop gathered more than 30 participants coming from Western European countries (Austria, Bel gium, England, Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Scotland and Spain) Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, the German Federal Repu blic, Hungary and Poland) and non-European countries such as China and Japan. The 15 selected and refereed papers included in the volume are in prin ciple the author's own versions, with limited editorial changes and small corrections. They are arranged in alphabetical order. I wish to thank all the contributors for their valuable papers and an outstan ding cooperation in the editorial project. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Dr. H. J. Zimmermann for the cooperation in the refereeing procedure.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
2 138 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Operations Research is a field whose major contribution has been to propose a rigorous fonnulation of often ill-defmed problems pertaining to the organization or the design of large scale systems, such as resource allocation problems, scheduling and the like. While this effort did help a lot in understanding the nature of these problems, the mathematical models have proved only partially satisfactory due to the difficulty in gathering precise data, and in formulating objective functions that reflect the multi-faceted notion of optimal solution according to human experts. In this respect linear programming is a typical example of impressive achievement of Operations Research, that in its detenninistic fonn is not always adapted to real world decision-making : everything must be expressed in tenns of linear constraints ; yet the coefficients that appear in these constraints may not be so well-defined, either because their value depends upon other parameters (not accounted for in the model) or because they cannot be precisely assessed, and only qualitative estimates of these coefficients are available. Similarly the best solution to a linear programming problem may be more a matter of compromise between various criteria rather than just minimizing or maximizing a linear objective function. Lastly the constraints, expressed by equalities or inequalities between linear expressions, are often softer in reality that what their mathematical expression might let us believe, and infeasibility as detected by the linear programming techniques can often been coped with by making trade-offs with the real world.
Del 2 - Theory and Decision Library D:
Nature, Cognition and System I
Current Systems-Scientific Research on Natural and Cognitive Systems
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
540 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
usually called the classical (scientific) attitude (according to which there is a dichotomy between nature and cognition) and suggestions for better understanding of their mutual encroach ment. The authors belong more or less to the non-standard systems science, the third order cybernetics, or find themselves already beyond the third stage in the history of artificial intelli 1 gence ). They take the inescapability of the mutual implication of the description of nature and that of cognition seriously. Fourth ly, closely linking up with the previous, it emphatically calls attention to the forgotten microscopic dimension of science. If I am not mistaken we have at this moment reached the historic stage where the tremendous renascence of the mechanistic-structural paradigm, remarkably enough, calls for its functional-dynamic counterparts. The volume strives to respond to this secret trend in various disciplines and to put into words that which is tacitly alive in the minds of the ever increasing number of people in this systemsage. The investigation on the intertwinement of nature and cognition finds itself in this very paradoxical niche structured by those two opposite developments.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 653 kr
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This volume is about "Structure". The search for "structure", always the pursuit of sciences within their specific areas and perspectives, is witnessing these days a dra matic revolution. The coexistence and interaction of so many structures (atoms, hu mans, cosmos and all that there is in between) would be unconceivable according to many experts, if there were not, behind it all, some gen eral organizational principle. s that (at least in some asymptotic way) make possible so many equilibria among species and natural objects, fan tastically tuned to an extremely high degree of precision. The evidence accumulates to an increasingly impressive degree; a concrete example comes from physics, whose constant aim always was and is that of searching for "ultimate laws", out of which everything should follow, from quarks to the cosmos. Our notions and philosophy have un dergone major revolutions, whenever the "unthinkable" has been changed by its wonderful endeavours into "fact". Well, it is just from physics that evidence comes: even if the "ultimate" could be reached, it would not in any way be a terminal point. When "complexity" comes into the game, entirely new notions have to be invented; they all have to do with "structure", though this time in a much wider sense than would have been understood a decade or so ago.
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
540 kr
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The 1994 GWIC was held June 6th, 7th and 8th, 1994, on the Campus of the UNLV. It was sponsored by UNLV, UNR, and ACM-SIGART. The keynote speakers were Prof. Bonnie Weber of the University of Pennsylvania, Prof Stuart Shapiro, Director of the Center for Cognitive Science at SUNY at Buffalo, and Prof. Nicolas Bourbakis of SUNY at Binghamton. Dr. Bonnie Webber, the first keynote speaker, presented the first talk of the conference Monday morning June 6th, entitled "Instructing Animated Agents: Natural Language and Human Figure Animation". Her one hour lecture and the computer graphics video in which figures emulating realistically humans were able to successfully perform a number of human motions and functions, were very well received by the participants. Dr. Stuart Shapiro, presented his keynote speech, entitled "Formalizing English", Tues day morning, June 7th. His objective was to construct a natural language using an intelli gent agent. His talk was of great interest and drew a great deal of discussion and questions by the participants. "The Role of AI in Multimedia Information Systems", was the topic presented by the third keynote speaker, Dr. N. Bourbakis, Wednesday morning June 8th. He addressed the changes in computing with the introduction of Multimedia and the usage of AI to store and retrieve intelligently massive visual, audio, and other data.