ZEW Economic Studies – serie
Visar alla böcker i serien ZEW Economic Studies. Handla med fri frakt och snabb leverans.
53 produkter
53 produkter
Del 47 - ZEW Economic Studies
Macro Attractiveness and Micro Decisions in the Mutual Fund Industry
An Empirical Analysis
Inbunden, Engelska, 2013
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume addresses the attractiveness of financial centers with a primary focus on the mutual fund industry. It uses different empirical analysis approaches in an attempt to disentangle the reasons for location attractiveness and in order to identify its influence on fund pricing. The presented research tackles an issue that is fundamental to the understanding of organizational behavior in finance – the rationale in the decision-making process of market participants and its consequences for an economy.
Del 46 - ZEW Economic Studies
Germany's 2005 Welfare Reform
Evaluating Key Characteristics with a Focus on Immigrants
Häftad, Engelska, 2014
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
In January 2005, the German government enacted a substantial reform of the welfare system, the so-called “Hartz IV reform”. This book evaluates key characteristics of the reform from a microeconometric perspective. It investigates whether a centralized or decentralized organization of welfare administration is more successful to integrate welfare recipients into employment. Moreover, it analyzes the employment effects of an intensified use of benefit sanctions and evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of the most frequently assigned Active Labor Market Programs. The analyses have a focus on immigrants, who are highly over-represented in the German welfare system.
Del 48 - ZEW Economic Studies
Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe
Legal and Economic Perspectives
Inbunden, Engelska, 2014
993 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Over the past fifteen years, the optimal enforcement of EU competition law has become a major concern. This book contains a unique collection of articles by lawyers and economists on current issues in the public and private enforcement of competition law. Public enforcement has been strengthened in numerous ways – for example, through the introduction of a leniency programme and a substantial increase in fines for competition law violations. At the same time the EU Commission has been promoting private enforcement – for example, by developing a legal framework that grants victims of EU antitrust law infringements access to compensation.The contributions in this book address a range of topics in the area of competition law enforcement, including the role of fines and leniency programmes in public enforcement; access to evidence and the quantification of damages in private enforcement; and the interaction between public and private enforcement of competition law in Europe.
Del 47 - ZEW Economic Studies
Macro Attractiveness and Micro Decisions in the Mutual Fund Industry
An Empirical Analysis
Häftad, Engelska, 2016
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume addresses the attractiveness of financial centers with a primary focus on the mutual fund industry. It uses different empirical analysis approaches in an attempt to disentangle the reasons for location attractiveness and in order to identify its influence on fund pricing. The presented research tackles an issue that is fundamental to the understanding of organizational behavior in finance – the rationale in the decision-making process of market participants and its consequences for an economy.
Del 48 - ZEW Economic Studies
Public and Private Enforcement of Competition Law in Europe
Legal and Economic Perspectives
Häftad, Engelska, 2016
993 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Over the past fifteen years, the optimal enforcement of EU competition law has become a major concern. This book contains a unique collection of articles by lawyers and economists on current issues in the public and private enforcement of competition law. Public enforcement has been strengthened in numerous ways – for example, through the introduction of a leniency programme and a substantial increase in fines for competition law violations. At the same time the EU Commission has been promoting private enforcement – for example, by developing a legal framework that grants victims of EU antitrust law infringements access to compensation.The contributions in this book address a range of topics in the area of competition law enforcement, including the role of fines and leniency programmes in public enforcement; access to evidence and the quantification of damages in private enforcement; and the interaction between public and private enforcement of competition law in Europe.
Häftad, Engelska, 2002
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book contributes to clarify the conditions of jobs with shorter working hours and reckons the potential for increasing part-time employment in Germany. Two crucial obstacles of part-time employment are addressed: Firstly, the wage structure and its implications for labor supply, and secondly, the lack of job offers for part-time employees. The Netherlands - known as the first part-time economy in the world - is used as a benchmark for the German case. The empirical analyses in this book are based on representative household data for Gemany and the Netherlands.
Del 19 - ZEW Economic Studies
Incomplete European Market for Financial Services
Häftad, Engelska, 2003
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Looking back over the last decade it can be said with some justification that sig nificant progress has been achieved on the way towards fully integrated financial markets in Europe. The 1993 Internal Market initiative and the Euro introduction in 1999/2002 constitute important milestones. The integration process has further been intensified by market developments like the surge in mergers and acquisi tions and by technological innovations like internet based distribution. As a result, some market segments today do no longer have a national character. Nevertheless, this success should not obscure the fact that integration of financial services markets is still a long way from the level of integration that exists within national markets. Particularly for retail financial services national borders still constitute a considerable de facto barrier. The absence of frequent direct cross border links between financial service providers and retail consumers holds true despite the fact that the Euro has made product comparisons easier and that the internet has reduced information costs to a considerable extent.
Del 20 - ZEW Economic Studies
Empirical Modeling of the Economy and the Environment
Häftad, Engelska, 2003
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
ZhongXiang Zhang (East-West Center, Honolulu) uses a global model based on marginal abatement cost curves for 12 world regions to estimate the contributions of the three flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, i. e. emissions trading, joint implementation, and the clean development mechanism. He shows how the reduction in compliance costs of industrialized regions depends on the extent to which the flexibility mechanisms will be available. Not surprisingly, the fewer the restrictions on the use of flexibility mechanisms will be, the greater the gains from their use. These gains are unevenly distributed, however, with industrialized regions that have the highest autarkic marginal abatement costs tending to benefit the most. Restrictions on the use of flexibility mechanisms not only reduce the potential of the industrialized regions' efficiency gains, but are also not beneficial to developing countries since they restrict the total financial flows to developing countries under the clean development mechanism. Christoph Bohringer (ZEW, Mannheim), Glenn W. Harrison (University of South Carolina, Columbia), and Thomas F. Rutherford (University of Colorado, Boulder) evaluate the welfare implications of alternative ways in which the EU could distribute its aggregate emission reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol across member states. Using a large-scale CGE model, they compare a uniform proportional cutback in emissions and the actual EU burden sharing agreement with an equitable allocation scheme derived from an endogenous burden sharing calculation. The latter equalizes the relative welfare cost across member states.
Del 21 - ZEW Economic Studies
Employment Impacts of Cleaner Production
Häftad, Engelska, 2003
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book covers a highly relevant but clearly under-researched topic - the impact of environmental innovations on employment on the fmn level. While the impact of innovations on employment has been analysed empirically in several studies, only few studies have specifically analysed innovations which are environmentally beneficial. In this book, we present case studies and an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of more than 1,500 fmns that have recently introduced environmental innovations in five European countries (Germany, United King dom, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland). The data stem from identical telephone interviews carried out simultaneously in these countries. The interviews were especially designed for analysing the relationship between environmental innova tion and employment on the firm-level. On the basis of an econometric model we find which factors lead to positive and which factors lead to negative employment effects in the wake of environmental innovations. Product and service innovations create more jobs in contrast to process innova tions. Employment changes only occur in the wake of major innovations. When innovations are mainly motivated by environmental concerns, they tend not to have employment effects. Eco-innovations aiming at cost reduction reduce employment. If the innovation is motivated by market share considerations, employment may change in both directions. We detect skill biased technological change of eco innovations, because the share of highly qualified employees has a positive impact on employment increases, while it is insignificant for employment decreases.
Del 22 - ZEW Economic Studies
Internationalisation of Young High-Tech Firms
An Empirical Analysis in Germany and the United Kingdom
Häftad, Engelska, 2003
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
There is now a certain tradition of Anglo-German comparative research on new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Two of the most influential studies in this area have both been sponsored by the Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of In dustrial Society (AGF). Starting in 1977, the first AGF project on NTBFs, which was carried out by the consultancy firm Arthur D. Little, has been one ofthe most important early contributions in this field (Little 1977). This report was the first public document to use the term 'new technology-based firm' and to provide a definition, which despite its operational limitations subsequently became an es tablished term in the literature. More importantly, this study represented one ofthe first serious attempts to survey the existing stock of this type of firm. The report was critical of the contemporary situation in Europe. (This is a policy area which continues to be hotly debated, see European Commission 1995, Bank of England 1996 and HM Treasury 1998. ) It emphasised that, in comparison with the USA, Germany and the UK were each lagging behind if judged by the rate of formation of NTBFs and in their total contribution to the overall economic activity of both countries. In terms of a policy contribution, this study was instrumental in high lighting the lack ofsupport infrastructures for the genesis and growth of high-tech start-ups in two of Europe's leading economies.
Del 23 - ZEW Economic Studies
Foreign Exchange Intervention as a Monetary Policy Instrument
Evidence for Inflation Targeting Countries
Häftad, Engelska, 2003
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Foreign exchange intervention is frequently being used by central banks in countries which have a floating exchange rate. Most theoretical monetary policy models, however, do not take this phenomenon into account. This book contributes to close this gap between theory and practice by interpreting foreign exchange intervention as an additional monetary policy instrument for inflation targeting central banks. In-depth empirical analyses of the foreign exchange operations and interest rate policy of five inflation targeting countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom) demonstrate how foreign exchange intervention is used in practice.
Häftad, Engelska, 2004
1 079 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
In this book the relation between the characteristics of investors' preferences and expectations and equilibrium asset price processes are analysed.
Häftad, Engelska, 2005
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Some countries are earlier than others in the development and introduction of environmental innovations. Often, the leadership in technological development is accompanied by a leadership in environmental policy. The book provides an analysis of lead markets for innovations such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, and others. Contributions of innovation economics, policy analysis and environmental economics are assessed regarding their potential to explain the leadership of single countries. The book depicts the policy frameworks that are favourable to the creation of such lead markets on the basis of theoretical considerations and case studies. Finally, recommendations for R and D policies, environmental and industrial policies are derived.
Häftad, Engelska, 2004
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This doctoral dissertation, submitted to the University of Mannheim, was written during my employment as a research fellow at the Zentrum fiir Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research) in Mann- heim. My work profited very much from the fruitful environment provided by the ZEW and particularly by the Department of Labour Markets, Human Resources and Social Policy. I am very grateful to my advisor, Professor Wolfgang Franz, for his support and inspiration. I am also indebted to Friedhelm Pfeiffer for encouraging me to work on the topicoftransition from unemployment to self-employment. Also, Part IIIof this study gained very much from the joint work with FriedheIm Pfeiffer. Fur- thermore, I am much obliged to Professor JosefBniderl for evaluating this disser- tation. I would like to thank the "Forderverein Wissenschaft und Praxis am Zentrum fiir Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung e.V." for financial support of part of this study. My work also benefited from the comments and the help of numerous people other than those mentioned above.Knowing that the list of acknowledgement is incomplete, I would like to thank Professor Francois Laisney and Matthias Almus for their valuable comments on the selection models, Professor William Greene for his helpful remarks on the bivariate probit model, Professor John Ham and an anonymous referee for their very valuable comments on preliminary work of this study, and Joachim Keller, Jens Kohlberger and Yibo Ren for providing excellent research assistance. Obviously, all remaining errors are my own responsibility.
Del 26 - ZEW Economic Studies
Climate Change Policy and Global Trade
Häftad, Engelska, 2004
1 079 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book contains a synthesis of the results of the project "Climate Change Policy and Global Trade" financed by the European Commission under the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development programme within the Fifth Framework Programme (Contract N EVK2-CT-2000-00093). The project aimed at providing quantitative insights into the impacts of two important international policy initiatives: (i) multilateral agreements on climate protection strategies, and (ii) trade agreements towards global trade liberalisation. Research in this project involved several institutions: Zentrum fur Europaische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim (ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research, coordinator), ICCS of National Technical University of Athens (ICCSINTUA), Tinbergen Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam (TI), Middlesex University Business School, London (MUBS), University of Rostock (UROS), and Metroeconomica Limited, Bath (MET). Nikolaos Christoforides (European Commission, DG Research) supervised the project and provided valuable input. We would like to thank him as well as Pierre Valette (DG Research) and Katri Kosonen (DG Taxation) for their helpful comments.The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do neither reflect the opinion ofthe Conunission nor ofits officials. Weare obliged to Frauke Eckermann for diligent and dedicative management assistance throughout the project. Furthermore, we would like to thank Andreas Pfeiff, Elisabeth Baier, Patrick Jochem, and Christoph Skupnik for assistance in putting together this book.
Del 1 - ZEW Economic Studies
Man-Made Climate Change
Economic Aspects and Policy Options
Häftad, Engelska, 1998
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
As the Kyoto conference of the parties on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change once again underscored, man-made climate change has become one of the major challenges to our generation and many generations to come. Since scientific evidence on climate change can be seen as increasingly reliable, the focus of our attention has to turn more and more to the question of foreseeable damages and to possibilities to prevent and mitigate climate change. In other words, we need to analyse the economic aspects of man marle climate change and the policy options to prevent its most severe impacts. This book reports on the findings of an international workshop on these aspects of global climate change. It was organised by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in Mannheim, Germany on March 6th and 7th 1997. In the light of the ongoing international policy-making process on climate change, we decided to publish the report after the Kyoto conference from December Ist to 10th, 1997, to include the results of the conference, which emphasise the importance of economic aspects and economic policy options when it comes to addressing the problern of man-made climate change. Thus, this book went to press in February 1998 the moment we received the official version of the Kyoto Protocol, which is reproduced in the annex.
Del 2 - ZEW Economic Studies
Agglomeration, Growth, and Adjustment
A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Regional Labor Markets in Germany
Häftad, Engelska, 1998
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
It is dealt with disparities in employment growth, unemployment, and wages between regional labor markets in Germany. First, endogenous formation and growth of industry locations due to agglomeration economies is established as a basic source of disparity in employment. Then, spatial frictions and local wage inflexibility due to central wage bargaining are detected as causes of unemployment disparities. Throughout the book theoretical analysis is combined with rigorous empirical testing using a large set of regional data at district level. In order to gain and robustify empirical results, recent methods in panel econometrics and spatial data analysis are employed. An overview on the extent of key regional labor market disparities in Germany is given. The book enables to assess our current understanding of the role of locational issues in causing those disparities, and thus to understand the basic justification of regional policy.
Del 3 - ZEW Economic Studies
Climate Technology Strategies 1
Controlling Greenhouse Gases. Policy and Technology Options
Häftad, Engelska, 1999
1 079 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book provides a synthesis of the energy-related results of the large scale project entitled "Climate Teclmology Strategy within Competitive Energy Markets" partly financed by the European Commission under the Non Nuclear Energy (JOULE III) EU-RTD programme (Contract JOS3-CT95-0008). Research in this project involved several organisations from almost all European Union member states, including: ICCS/NTUA (co-ordinator), CES/KULeuven, GRETA Associati, University of Mannheim/ZEW, ESD Ltd., IEPE/CNRS, IDEI, IPTS/JRC, UCL/CORE, SSE/EFI, KFA/STE, ENSPM-FIICEG, University of Strathclyde, IER/University of Stuttgart, YTT, ETSU, IIASA/ECS, ERASME/CCIP, ECOSIM Cons. Ltd., OME, BPB, CRES. In relation of the "pre-and post-Kyoto" context for Climate Change and also with th respect to the preparation of the y EU-RTD Framework Programme, a large exploitation ofthe results is being made. Huguette Laval of the European Commission, DGXII, was the project scientific officer. With Pierre Yalette, Head of the Unit in DGXII, they have given fruitful I advices for the project. Thanks are given to them.
Del 4 - ZEW Economic Studies
Climate Technology Strategies 2
The Macro-Economic Cost and Benefit of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union
Häftad, Engelska, 1999
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Climate technology becomes more and more relevant in international environmental policy negotiations. At the Kyoto conference binding emission reduction targets have been established for several regions of the world. The major challenge is how to realize these reduction goals with minimum costs without generating new distributional and social difficulties. The book analyses the macroeconomic structural and distributional impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies for the EU and the member states.
Häftad, Engelska, 1999
1 079 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Most governments in today's market economies spend significant sums of money on labour market programmes. The declared aims of these programmes are to increase the re-employment chances of the unemployed. This book investigates which active labour market programmes in Poland are value for money and which are not. To this end, modern statistical methods are applied to both macro- and microeconomic data. It is shown that training programmes increase, whereas job subsidies and public works decrease the re-employment opportunities of the unemployed. In general, all active labour market policy effects are larger in absolute size for men than for women. By surveying previous studies in the field and outlining the major statistical approaches that are employed in the evaluation literature, the book can be of help to any student interested in programme evaluation irrespective of the paticular programme or country concerned.
Häftad, Engelska, 1999
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book investigates whether a lack of wage flexibility is at the root of the unemployment problem in West Germany. In the presence of a skill bias in labor demand, only the choice between higher wage inequality or higher unemployment rates seems to exist. Whether and in what way this line of thought is consistent with the experience of West Germany is scrutinized empirically. The analysis ranges from extensive descriptive evidence on labor market trends to the estimation of a structural model of wage bargaining.
Häftad, Engelska, 1999
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Fair and efficient pricing has become increasingly important in international environmental and transport policy. Thus the valuation and internalization of social costs is now a crucial element within strategies towards sustainable mobility. The book provides methods and results from major European and American studies evaluating both social costs of transport and first experiences with their internalization in different contexts: infrastructure planning, urban road pricing and highway tolling. Additionally, complementary non-monetary instruments for a transition towards sustainable mobility are presented and discussed.
Del 8 - ZEW Economic Studies
Germany’s Technological Performance
A Study on Behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Maintaining the innovation capabilities of firms, employees and institutions is a key component for the generation of sustainable growth, employment, and high income in industrial societies. Gaining insights into the German innovation system and the institutional framework is as important to policy making as is data on the endowment of the German economy with factors fostering innovation and their recent development. Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research has repeatedly commissioned reports on the competitive strength of the German innovation system since the mid-eighties. The considerable attention that the public and the political, administrative and economic actors have paid to these reports in the past few years proves the strong interest in the assessment of and indicators for the dynamics behind innovation activities. The present study closely follows the pattern of those carried out before. It has been extended, however, to include an extensive discussion on indicators for technological performance and an outline of the key features of the German innovation system.
Del 9 - ZEW Economic Studies
Internationalisation of British Start-up Companies in High-Technology Industries
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
There are 17 million small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union which play an important role in economic life. Within this subset, increasing recognition is being given to "new technology-based ftrms. " 1 In the literature, different defmitions have been put forward to describe the term new technology-based ftrm (Oakey et a11988; Roberts 1991; Autio 1995; Storey and Tether 1998). Common denominators include that the activity is based on the exploitation of advanced technological know-how, the prior affiliation of founders with research establishments and the entrepreneurial character of the ftrm. Research studies in Europe, North America and the Paciftc Rim have identifted these ftrms' important contributions in new employment creation, export sales growth, product and process innovation and structural adjustment (e. g. Rothwell & Zegveld 1982; OECD 1986; Oakey et a11988; Acs & Audretsch 1991; Roberts 1991; Coopers & Lybrand 1996).While there is a growing body of literature on new technology-based ftrms that concentrates on strategic issues such as access to fmancial resources, growth processes and innovation behaviour (see Storey and Tether 1998, for a review), there has been relatively little research into the process by which young high- technology companies have internationalised. Research activity in the latter fteld has historically been strongly oriented towards large ftrms or, more rarely, towards "traditional transnational SMEs" in the manufacturing sector that often act as suppliers of bigger ftrms and are characterised by simple production technologies and low-technology products (United Nations 1993).
Del 10 - ZEW Economic Studies
Innovation-Oriented Environmental Regulation
Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Analysis
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
1 112 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Innovation-oriented environmental regulation is extremely attractive for policy planners and decision makers, since it is expected that innovations can cut costs of environmental measures and overcome existing trade-offs between economic and ecological goals. The central question is, however, how such a regulatory regime of environmental policy approaches should look like. This book provides an excellent overview of the state of research by presenting and discussing theoretical approaches towards a framework of environmental regulation and innovation, international case studies as well as econometric and modelling studies from Europe and the USA.
Del 11 - ZEW Economic Studies
Flexible Mechanisms for an Efficient Climate Policy
Cost Saving Policies and Business Opportunities
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
In the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, industrialized countries agreed on binding absolute targets for greenhouse gas emissions and on the admission of flexible market-economy instruments - such as emissions trading, joint implementation and the clean development mechanism - used for reaching the targets. The contributions in this volume reveal that flexible instruments can lower the costs of climate protection considerably - not only in theory, but also in practice. Concerning implementation, it will be necessary to take care of possible loopholes, uncertainties and transaction costs which may be too high if no proper design is chosen.
Del 12 - ZEW Economic Studies
Endogenous Innovations and Knowledge Spillovers
A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Häftad, Engelska, 2000
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The recent development of endogenous growth theories has renewed the in terest into the sources of productivity growth of the advanced industrialized economies. The basic advance of these models is that the evolution of tech nological progress is explained endogeneously within the economic model. The most important concept is the idea of endogenous, market-driven inno vations which are seen as the basic source of technological advances. Firms develop sophisticated production techniques and new products in order to reduce costs or to stimulate demand. Equally important is the concept of knowledge spillovers from innovation activities and scale economies associ ated with them. External effects drive a wedge between private and social re turns of innovation activities, and scale economies affect the market structure. In addition, each year's productivity increases exhibit an enormous social value. Therefore, the analysis of endogenous innovations, scale economies, and knowledge spillovers has important implications for economic policy which enhances the interest into empirical investigations of these issues. This book is a collection of theoretical and empirical work on this subject. It combines micro economic and macroeconomic issues; a special emphasis is placed on empirical applications. Much work has been devoted to the search and the preparation of appropriate data, and all models are estimated with panel data. The first two chapters take an aggregate view at the growth process.
Del 13 - ZEW Economic Studies
Econometric Evaluation of Labour Market Policies
Häftad, Engelska, 2001
1 079 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Empirical measurement of impacts of active labour market programmes has started to become a central task of economic researchers. New improved econometric methods have been developed that will probably influence future empirical work in various other fields of economics as well. This volume contains a selection of original papers from leading experts, among them James J. Heckman, Noble Prize Winner 2000 in economics, addressing these econometric issues at the theoretical and empirical level. The theoretical part contains papers on tight bounds of average treatment effects, instrumental variables estimators, impact measurement with multiple programme options and statistical profiling. The empirical part provides the reader with econometric evaluations of active labour market programmes in Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Slovak Republic and Sweden.
Del 14 - ZEW Economic Studies
Lead Markets
Country-Specific Success Factors of the Global Diffusion of Innovations
Häftad, Engelska, 2001
543 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
1. 1 Summary This thesis intends to answer three questions: First, what is a lead market; second, what constitutes a lead market, and third, how companies can harness lead markets to generate global innovations. Considering the international, cross-border diffu sion of innovations one can observe that a particular technological design such as the facsimile machine, the personal computer or the mobile cellular telephone is often adopted by one country or region much earlier than by other countries which subsequently follow this country, which I will call the lead market. A lead market is defined as a country that adopts an innovation that is subsequently adopted worldwide. When different designs of an innovation compete internationally, the design preferred in the lead market becomes the global dominant design. The study suggests a theoretical explanation for the phenomena of lead markets and collects empirical evidence from a detailed case study of the cellular mobile tele of an innovation design adopted first phone industry. The international diffusion by the lead market, i. e. subsequent adoption of an innovation design preferred in the lead market by other countries, can be put down to the special market context in the lead market. The market context includes demand preferences, the environ mental condition and the degree of competition. Multinational firms are often confronted not only with varying market acceptance of new products and processes from country to country, but with national prefer ences for particular specifications of an innovation, i. e.
Del 15 - ZEW Economic Studies
Effective Tax Burden in Europe
Current Situation, Past Developments and Simulations of Reforms
Häftad, Engelska, 2002
559 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Our small book presents areport which has been prepared in the year 2000 for the Taxation and Custorns Union Directorate General of the European Commission, under contract no. T AXUD / 00 / 312. Some of the results form part of the report "Company Taxation in the Internal Market" of the Commission Services released in autumn 2001. We present estimates of effective average tax rates (EATR) in five EU Member States (France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK) plus the USA based on the European Tax Analyzer approach. The European Tax Analyzer is a computer based model firm approach for the computation and comparison of international company tax burdens. It has been developed in co-operation with the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). We would like to thank the ZEW for this co-operation. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Gerd Gutekunst, Rieo A. Hermann and Thorsten Stetter in preparing the report. Special mention must be made of Gerd Gutekunst, who was also responsible for preparing the printed version of this report.