Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King’s College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

• I. Setting the scene: General aspects of anesthesia, analgesics and pain1. The concept of multimorphic cancer pain: a new approach from diagnosis to treatment2. Recent advances in the linkage of attachment and pain: a new review3. The management of pain in older peopleFelicity 4. Anesthesia and body mass: epidural depth and beyond5. Anesthetics and analgesic activities of herbal medicine: Review of the possible mechanism of action6. Analgesia-first sedation and multimodal analgesia in the intensive care unit7. The multidisciplinary Acute Pain Service: features and experiences8. Monitoring anaesthesia: EEG and beyhondII. The syndromes of pain9. Cluster headache and pain: features and treatments10. Migraine and pain: features and treatments11. Complex regional pain syndrome12. Phantom limb pain.13. Painful diabetic neuropathy: The roles of microglia 14. Maternal deprivation and nociceptiionIraci 15. Giving birth and pain16. Abdominal Pain in Gastroparesi17. Appendicitis and related abdominal pain18. Ovarian hormones, site-specific nociception and hypertension19. Linking the heart and pain: physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms20. Chronic pain in military veterans21. Nociception during surgery22. Breast cancer and nociception23. Postoperative pain after rhinoplasty and rhinologic surgery24. Pain response, neonates and venipuncture25. Carpal tunnel syndrome and pain26. Pain and HIV27. Pain mechanisms in computer and smartphone usersIII. Interlinking anesthesia, analgesics and pain 28. Patients' and health professionals' positions regarding the use of analgesics in cancer cases29. Linking compression of myofascial trigger points and musculoskeletal pain30. Multimodal analgesia and post-surgical pain31. Pain, ultrasound-guided Pecs II block and general anesthesia32. Pain control during prostate biopsy and evolution of local anesthesia techniqes33. Pain reduction, in cosmetic injections: fillers and beyond34. Anesthesia and combat-related extremity injury35. Spinal anesthesia: applications to cesarean section and pain36. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in thoracic surgery 37. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in general surgery38. Linking analgesia, epidural oxycodone, pain and laparoscopy39. Levobupivacaine features and linking in infiltrating analgesiaIV. Assessments, screening and resources40. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Features and Applications41. The Pain Behaviour Scale (PaBS)42. The analgesia nociception index: features and application43. Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire44. The Back Pain Functional Scale: features and applications45. Cognitive impairment, pain and analgesia46. Biomarkers in endometriosis-associated pain47. Biomarkers in bladder pain syndrome: a new narrative48. Biomarkers of statin-induced musculoskeletal pain: Vitamin D and beyond49. Performance-based and self-reported physical fitness as a powerful marker of musculoskeletal pain

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King’s College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

• I. Setting the scene: General aspects of anesthesia, analgesics and pain1. The concept of multimorphic cancer pain: a new approach from diagnosis to treatment2. Recent advances in the linkage of attachment and pain: a new review3. The management of pain in older peopleFelicity 4. Anesthesia and body mass: epidural depth and beyond5. Anesthetics and analgesic activities of herbal medicine: Review of the possible mechanism of action6. Analgesia-first sedation and multimodal analgesia in the intensive care unit7. The multidisciplinary Acute Pain Service: features and experiences8. Monitoring anaesthesia: EEG and beyhondII. The syndromes of pain9. Cluster headache and pain: features and treatments10. Migraine and pain: features and treatments11. Complex regional pain syndrome12. Phantom limb pain.13. Painful diabetic neuropathy: The roles of microglia 14. Maternal deprivation and nociceptiionIraci 15. Giving birth and pain16. Abdominal Pain in Gastroparesi17. Appendicitis and related abdominal pain18. Ovarian hormones, site-specific nociception and hypertension19. Linking the heart and pain: physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms20. Chronic pain in military veterans21. Nociception during surgery22. Breast cancer and nociception23. Postoperative pain after rhinoplasty and rhinologic surgery24. Pain response, neonates and venipuncture25. Carpal tunnel syndrome and pain26. Pain and HIV27. Pain mechanisms in computer and smartphone usersIII. Interlinking anesthesia, analgesics and pain 28. Patients' and health professionals' positions regarding the use of analgesics in cancer cases29. Linking compression of myofascial trigger points and musculoskeletal pain30. Multimodal analgesia and post-surgical pain31. Pain, ultrasound-guided Pecs II block and general anesthesia32. Pain control during prostate biopsy and evolution of local anesthesia techniqes33. Pain reduction, in cosmetic injections: fillers and beyond34. Anesthesia and combat-related extremity injury35. Spinal anesthesia: applications to cesarean section and pain36. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in thoracic surgery 37. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in general surgery38. Linking analgesia, epidural oxycodone, pain and laparoscopy39. Levobupivacaine features and linking in infiltrating analgesiaIV. Assessments, screening and resources40. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Features and Applications41. The Pain Behaviour Scale (PaBS)42. The analgesia nociception index: features and application43. Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire44. The Back Pain Functional Scale: features and applications45. Cognitive impairment, pain and analgesia46. Biomarkers in endometriosis-associated pain47. Biomarkers in bladder pain syndrome: a new narrative48. Biomarkers of statin-induced musculoskeletal pain: Vitamin D and beyond49. Performance-based and self-reported physical fitness as a powerful marker of musculoskeletal pain

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King’s College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

• I. Setting the scene: General aspects of anesthesia, analgesics and pain1. The concept of multimorphic cancer pain: a new approach from diagnosis to treatment2. Recent advances in the linkage of attachment and pain: a new review3. The management of pain in older peopleFelicity 4. Anesthesia and body mass: epidural depth and beyond5. Anesthetics and analgesic activities of herbal medicine: Review of the possible mechanism of action6. Analgesia-first sedation and multimodal analgesia in the intensive care unit7. The multidisciplinary Acute Pain Service: features and experiences8. Monitoring anaesthesia: EEG and beyhondII. The syndromes of pain9. Cluster headache and pain: features and treatments10. Migraine and pain: features and treatments11. Complex regional pain syndrome12. Phantom limb pain.13. Painful diabetic neuropathy: The roles of microglia 14. Maternal deprivation and nociceptiionIraci 15. Giving birth and pain16. Abdominal Pain in Gastroparesi17. Appendicitis and related abdominal pain18. Ovarian hormones, site-specific nociception and hypertension19. Linking the heart and pain: physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms20. Chronic pain in military veterans21. Nociception during surgery22. Breast cancer and nociception23. Postoperative pain after rhinoplasty and rhinologic surgery24. Pain response, neonates and venipuncture25. Carpal tunnel syndrome and pain26. Pain and HIV27. Pain mechanisms in computer and smartphone usersIII. Interlinking anesthesia, analgesics and pain 28. Patients' and health professionals' positions regarding the use of analgesics in cancer cases29. Linking compression of myofascial trigger points and musculoskeletal pain30. Multimodal analgesia and post-surgical pain31. Pain, ultrasound-guided Pecs II block and general anesthesia32. Pain control during prostate biopsy and evolution of local anesthesia techniqes33. Pain reduction, in cosmetic injections: fillers and beyond34. Anesthesia and combat-related extremity injury35. Spinal anesthesia: applications to cesarean section and pain36. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in thoracic surgery 37. Postoperative Pain Management: Truncal blocks in general surgery38. Linking analgesia, epidural oxycodone, pain and laparoscopy39. Levobupivacaine features and linking in infiltrating analgesiaIV. Assessments, screening and resources40. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Features and Applications41. The Pain Behaviour Scale (PaBS)42. The analgesia nociception index: features and application43. Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire44. The Back Pain Functional Scale: features and applications45. Cognitive impairment, pain and analgesia46. Biomarkers in endometriosis-associated pain47. Biomarkers in bladder pain syndrome: a new narrative48. Biomarkers of statin-induced musculoskeletal pain: Vitamin D and beyond49. Performance-based and self-reported physical fitness as a powerful marker of musculoskeletal pain