Tailor-Made and Functionalized Biopolymer Systems

Dr. Hriday Bera completed his Masters study at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India and Ph.D at National University of Singapore, Singapore. He is presently working as Post-doctoral Fellow at Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China and Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Japan. The major focus of his current research is the conceptual design, fabrication and evaluation of chemically modified naturally-occurring polymer based systems intended for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. As a part of his research career, he published 36 peer-reviewed articles (including 23 first-author articles) in various international journals of repute with a total SCI citation of 546, h-index of 15 and i10-index of 20. Moreover, he penned 20 book chapters for various international publishers. Furthermore, as a principal investigator, he has received highly competitive research grants from AICTE, Govt. of India; Ministry of Higher Education, Govt. of Malaysia; National Natural Science Foundation, China and Tekada Science Foundation, Japan. Dr. Buddhadev Layek received his Master of Pharmacy degree from Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from North Dakota State University in Fargo, USA. He is currently working as Assistant Professor at North Dakota State University, USA. His primary research interests include tumor-targeted drug delivery, modulating the tumor microenvironment to improve outcomes of cancer therapy, and designing multifunctional, polymeric nanomaterials for drug andgene delivery. Layek has published 22 peer-reviewed articles in high impact journals and 6 book chapters for various international publishers. He has also served as a guest editor for special issues on “Cell-Penetrating Peptides” and “Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers” in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Dr. Singh is Professor and Chair of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at NDSU School of Pharmacy, and a Fellow of American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) and Fellow, Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy. Dr. Singh’s research efforts focus on the mechanistic studies for developing and testing novel delivery technologies to deliver biotechnologically derived molecules (e.g., peptide, protein, and gene), using smart polymers, nanomicelles and nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, other brain disorders, and diabetes. National Institutes of Health, US Department of Defense, PhRMA Foundation, and AFPE have funded Dr. Singh’s research. Dr. Singh has published over 175 peer-reviewed papers and 350 abstracts.

• List of contributors xv1 Introduction to tailor-made biopolymers in drug deliveryapplications Yasir Faraz Abbasi, Parthasarathi Panda, Sanjay Arora, Buddhadev Layekand Hriday Bera1.1 Introduction 1.2 Biopolymers from plant and animal kingdom 1.2.1 Polysaccharides 1.2.2 Polypeptides 1.2.3 Polynucleotides 1.3 Chemical modifications of biopolymers 1.3.1 Modification approaches of polysaccharides 1.3.2 Modification approaches of polypeptides 1.4 Tailor-made biopolymers as pharmaceutical excipients 1.5 Conclusion References Section 1 Modified biopolymers 2 Thiolated biopolymers in drug delivery and biomedical applications Custodiana A. Colmenarez Lobo, Mirta L. Fascio and Norma B. D’Accorso2.1 Introduction 2.2 Thiolated biopolymers in drug delivery applications 2.3 Thiolated biopolymers in biomedical applications 2.3.1 Medicinal applications 2.3.2 Diagnosis 2.3.3 Regenerative medicine 2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References 3 Smart biopolymers for controlled drug delivery applications Sanjay Arora, Riddhi Trivedi, Richard N.L. Lamptey, Bivek Chaulagain,Buddhadev Layek and Jagdish Singh3.1 Introduction 3.2 Different types of smart biopolymers 3.2.1 Thermosensitive smart polymers 3.2.2 pH-sensitive smart polymers 3.2.3 Light-sensitive smart polymers 3.2.4 Phase-sensitive smart polymers 3.2.5 Bioresponsive smart polymers 3.3 Conclusion References 4 Alginate-based systems for protein and peptide delivery Paramita Paul, Gouranga Nandi, Mohammed A. Abosheasha andHriday Bera4.1 Introduction 4.2 Alginate: sources, physicochemical and biological properties 4.2.1 Sources of alginates 4.2.2 Physicochemical properties 4.2.3 Biological properties 4.3 Modifications of alginate for protein and peptide delivery 4.3.1 Covalent chemical modifications 4.3.2 Polyelectrolyte complexes 4.4 Alginate-based systems for protein and peptide delivery 4.4.1 Model protein delivery 4.4.2 Insulin delivery 4.4.3 Angiogenic factor delivery 4.4.4 Chemokine delivery 4.4.5 Bone morphogenetic protein delivery 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes in biomedicalapplications Buddhadev Layek, Surajit Das and Shubhajit Paul5.1 Introduction 5.2 Polyelectrolyte complexes 5.2.1 Mechanism of polyelectrolyte complexes formation 5.2.2 Preparation of PECs and factors influencing the formationand stability of PECs 5.3 Applications of chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes 5.3.1 Drug delivery 5.3.2 Gene delivery 5.3.3 Tissue engineering 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Tailor-made cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials as drug carriers Kazi Ali, Pradyot Roy, Arindam Maity and Pranabesh Chakraborty6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 History 6.1.2 Source of cyclodextrins 6.1.3 Types and structure of cyclodextrins 6.1.4 Properties of cyclodextrins 6.1.5 Inclusion complex formation 6.2 Modification of cyclodextrins 6.2.1 Principle and chemistry of cyclodextrin modification 6.2.2 Characterization of modified cyclodextrins 6.3 Cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials 6.3.1 Preparation of nanomaterials from cyclodextrins andapplications 6.3.2 Different cyclodextrin-based nanomaterials 6.4 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of tailor-madeCD-based nanomaterials 6.5 Conclusion and future prospects References Further reading Section 2 Biopolymeric conjugates/composites 7 Biopolymer_metal oxide composites in biomedicalapplications Yasir Faraz Abbasi and Hriday Bera7.1 Introduction 7.2 Applications of biopolymer_metal oxide composites 7.2.1 Drug delivery 7.2.2 Anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities 7.2.3 Wound healing and tissue engineering 7.2.4 Biosensors, bioimaging, and diagnostics 7.3 Conclusion References 8 Biopolymer_drug conjugates as biomaterials Haifei Guo, Yasir Faraz Abbasi, Hriday Bera and Mingshi Yang8.1 Introduction 8.2 Biopolymer_drug conjugates 8.2.1 Polysaccharide-drug conjugates 8.2.2 Polypeptide_drug conjugates 8.3 Conclusion References 9 Functionalized biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-cargos Hriday Bera, Motoki Ueda and Yoshihiro Ito9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure and properties of clays 9.3 Biopolymer_clay intercalations 9.4 Properties of biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-deliverysystems 9.4.1 Improvement of clay properties 9.4.2 Improvement of polymer properties 9.5 Biopolymer_clay-based composites as drug-delivery systems 9.5.1 Animal-derived polysaccharide_clay composites 9.5.2 Algae-derived polysaccharide_clay composites 9.5.3 Plant-derived polysaccharide_clay composites 9.5.4 Natural protein_clay composites 9.5.5 Biopolymer blend_clay composites 9.6 Conclusion References 10 Mesoporous silica-biopolymer-based systems in drug deliveryapplications Suman Saha, Payal Roy and Jui Chakraborty10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification of MSNs, their structures and properties 10.2.1 Two-dimensional mesostructures 10.2.2 Three-dimensional mesostructures 10.2.3 Classification of mesoporous silica nanoparticles asdrug carriers 10.3 Different synthesis techniques of mesoporous silica nanoparticles 10.3.1 Hydrothermal synthesis 10.3.2 Aerosol-assisted synthesis 10.3.3 Modified St&e_004E7;ber’s synthesis 10.3.4 Template-assisted synthesis 10.3.5 Microwave synthesis 10.3.6 Chemical etching synthesis 10.4 Functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles usingsynthetic polymers/biopolymers 10.4.1 Functionalization techniques 10.5 Different biopolymer-MSN systems in drug delivery applications 10.5.1 Drug delivery for cancer treatment 10.5.2 Drug delivery for other disease treatment 10.5.3 Gene delivery 10.5.4 Drug delivery and bioimaging 10.6 Stability and degradation profiles 10.7 Biocompatibility, pharmacology, and toxicological profiles 10.8 Conclusion, challenges, and future prospects Acknowledgments References Section 3 Modified biopolymer based biomaterials 11 Micellar drug-delivery systems based on amphiphilic block and graftpolysaccharides Leonard Ionut Atanase11.1 Introduction 11.2 Micellization and drug-loading methods 11.3 Characterization techniques of drug-free and drug-loadedmicellar systems 11.4 Polysaccharide-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.1 Chitosan-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.2 Cellulose-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.3 Dextran-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.4 Starch-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.5 Alginate-based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.6 Hyaluronic acid_based micellar drug-delivery systems 11.4.7 Miscellaneous polysaccharide-based micellardrug-delivery systems 11.5 Conclusions and perspectives References 12 Engineering of biopolymer-based nanofibers for medical uses Yang Chen, Hriday Bera, Dongmei Cun and Mingshi Yang12.1 Introduction 12.2 Tissue engineering 12.3 Drug delivery 12.3.1 Drug delivery to the skin 12.3.2 Mucosal drug delivery 12.3.3 Controlled and sustained drug delivery 12.4 Stem cells 12.5 Sensors 12.6 Conclusion and future perspectives References Further reading 13 Engineered protein and protein-polysaccharide cages for drugdelivery and therapeutic applications Isha Ghosh, Ujjwal Sahoo and Souvik Basak13.1 Introduction 13.2 Proteins 13.3 Protein cages: engineering and therapeutic applications 13.3.1 Natural protein cages/scaffolds 13.3.2 Engineered protein cages 13.3.3 Therapeutic applications of protein cages 13.4 Protein-polysaccharide cages: engineering and therapeuticapplications 13.4.1 Electrostatic precipitation complexes/cages 13.4.2 Chemical reaction_mediated complexes/cages 13.4.3 Electrospun nanohybrid_mediated complexes/cages 13.4.4 Posttranslational modification_aided protein-polysaccharideblock copolymer complexes/cages 13.5 Conclusion and future perspectives References 14 Biopolymeric hydrogels prepared via click chemistry as carriers oftherapeutic modalities Rohit Bisht, Pinto Raveena, Sonali Nirmal, Shovanlal Gayen,Gaurav K. Jain and Jayabalan Nirmal14.1 Introduction 14.2 Properties of biopolymeric hydrogels 14.2.1 Swelling and solubility 14.2.2 Porosity and permeation 14.2.3 Drug release 14.3 Chemically cross-linked hydrogels 14.3.1 Cross-linking by free-radical polymerization 14.3.2 Cross-linking by click chemistry 14.4 Applications of biopolymeric click hydrogels in drug delivery 14.5 Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgement References 15 Biopolymeric nanocrystals in drug delivery and biomedicalapplications Daphisha Marbaniang, Rajat Subhra Dutta, Niva Rani Gogoi,Subhabrata Ray and Bhaskar Mazumder15.1 Introduction 15.2 Generalized synthesis methods for biopolymeric nanocrystals 15.2.1 Mineral acid hydrolysis 15.2.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis 15.2.3 Co-precipitation method 15.3 Biopolymeric nanocrystals and their drug delivery andbiomedical applications 15.3.1 Biopolymeric nanocrystals 15.3.2 Reinforcement of biopolymeric nanocrystals withbiopolymers and vice versa 15.3.3 Biopolymers-assisted drug nanocrystals 15.4 Conclusion and future prospects References Section 4 Biopolymeric systems in biomedicalapplications 16 Functionalized biopolymers for colon-targeted drug delivery Yasir Faraz Abbasi and Syed Muhammad Farid Hasan16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biopolymeric systems as colon-targeted drug carriers 16.2.1 Plant-derived polysaccharides 16.2.2 Animal-derived polysaccharides 16.2.3 Algae- and microbial-derived polysaccharides 16.2.4 Plant- and animal-derived polypeptides 16.3 Conclusion References 17 Modified biopolymer-based systems for drug delivery to the brain Abhimanyu Thakur, Rakesh Kumar Sidu, Isha Gaurav, Kumari Sweta,Prosenjit Chakraborty and Sudha Thakur17.1 Introduction 17.2 BBB and other common hurdles in brain drug delivery 17.3 Brain drug delivery by invasive methods 17.4 Brain drug delivery by the noninvasive methods 17.4.1 Chemical modification 17.4.2 Intranasal route 17.4.3 Aptamer 17.4.4 Extracellular vesicles 17.4.5 Ultrasound 17.4.6 Photodynamic effect 17.4.7 Extracorporeal shockwave 17.4.8 Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets 17.4.9 Nanoformulations 17.5 Biopolymer-based systems for targeted drug delivery to the brain 17.5.1 Plant-derived polysaccharides 17.5.2 Animal-derived polysaccharides 17.5.3 Algae-derived and microbial polysaccharides 17.5.4 Polypeptides 17.6 Conclusion and future perspectives Contributions References Further reading 18 Modified biopolymer-based chronotherapeutic drug-delivery systems Somasree Ray and Shalmoli Seth Professor18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Clinical relevance of chronotherapeutic drug-deliverysystems 18.2 Concepts and terminologies used in chronotherapeutics 18.2.1 Period, level, amplitude, and phase 18.3 Common disease states under chronotherapy 18.3.1 Cardiovascular disease 18.3.2 Asthma 18.3.3 Pain 18.3.4 Diabetes 18.3.5 Gastric ulcer 18.3.6 Cancer 18.4 Drug-delivery strategies as chronopharmaceuticals 18.4.1 Chronotherapeutics 18.4.2 Ideal characteristics of chronotherapeutic drug-deliverysystems 18.4.3 Different techniques used to developchronopharmaceuticals 18.5 Biopolymer-based drug-delivery strategies aschronopharmaceuticals 18.5.1 Hydrogels 18.5.2 Reservoir system based on swellable/erodible naturalpolymers 18.5.3 Low-density floating microparticulate system based onbiopolymer 18.5.4 Modified natural polymers as chronopharmaceuticals 18.5.5 Pulsatile release from capsular system based onbiopolymeric plug 18.6 Conclusion References 19 Biopolymeric systems for the delivery of nucleic acids Rinku Dutta, Shyam S. Mohapatra and Subhra Mohapatra19.1 Introduction 19.2 Types of nucleic acids used in gene therapy 19.3 Biopolymers used in gene delivery 19.3.1 Polysaccharides 19.3.2 Protein-based 19.4 Conclusion References 20 Stimuli-responsive biopolymeric systems for drug delivery tocancer cells Viviane Seba, Gabriel Silva, Bor Shin Chee, Jeferson Gustavo Henn,Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Zhi Cao, Mozart Marins and Michael Nugent20.1 Introduction 20.2 Stimuli-responsive biopolymeric systems 20.2.1 Ultrasound responsive 20.2.2 Temperature responsive 20.2.3 pH responsive 20.2.4 Light responsive 20.2.5 Enzymatic responsive 20.2.6 Magnetic responsive 20.2.7 Redox responsive 20.2.8 Hypoxia responsive 20.3 Conclusion References 21 Biopolymeric systems for diagnostic applications Jacob Shreffler, Madison Koppelman, Babak Mamnoon, Sanku Mallikand Buddhadev Layek21.1 Introduction 21.2 Biopolymers used for various diseases 21.2.1 Infection 21.2.2 Cancer 21.2.3 Diabetes 21.2.4 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 21.2.5 Blood sample stabilization 21.3 Conclusion References 22 Functionalized biopolymer-based drug delivery systems:current status and future perspectives Buddhadev Layek22.1 Introduction 22.2 Summary of topics 22.2.1 Introduction to tailor-made biopolymers in drug deliveryapplications 22.2.2 Modified biopolymers 22.2.3 Biopolymeric conjugates/composites 22.2.4 Modified biopolymer-based biomaterials 22.2.5 Biopolymeric systems in biomedical applications 22.3 Conclusions and future perspectives References Index