China and Cybersecurity

Jon R. Lindsay's research examines the impact of technology on international security and strategy and has been published in leading academic journals such as International Security, Security Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies, and Technology and Culture. He holds a PhD in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an MS in computer science and BS in symbolic systems from Stanford University. He is an officer in the U.S. naval reserve with seventeen years of experience including assignments in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East.Tai Ming Cheung, director of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, is a long-time analyst of Chinese and East Asian defense and national security affairs with particular expertise on the political economy of science, technology, and innovation and their impact on national security matters. Dr. Cheung was based in Asia from the mid-1980s to 2002 covering political, economic and strategic developments in greater China. He was also a journalist and political and business risk consultant in northeast Asia. Dr. Cheung received his PhD from the War Studies Department at King's College, London University.Derek S. Reveron is a professor of national security affairs and the EMC Informationist Chair at the U.S. Naval War College. He specializes in strategy development, non-state security challenges, and U.S. defense policy. He has published nine books including U.S. Foreign Policy and Defense Strategy: The Evolution of an Incidental Superpower (2015), Cyberspace and National Security: Threats, Opportunities, and Power in a Virtual World (2012) and Human Security in a Borderless World (2011). He received a a PhD in public policy analysis from the University of Illinois at Chicago.

"Given the high stakes and enormous gaps between Chinese and American understandings and agendas on cybersecurity, and with the above two chapters as examples, Lindsay and Reveron are certainly justified in concluding that the book "exemplifies" cooperation to improve understanding. It will be worthwhile reading not only for China scholars and cyber-security experts, but also for international relations and communications scholars." --Pacific Affairs"This book's contributors argue that China is not the electronic supervillain it is often thought to be. Despite the regime's hefty investment in digital espionage and cyberwar capabilities, its networks are less secure than those in the United States, the Chinese agencies that make cybersecurity policy are more fragmented than their U.S. counterparts, and the country suffers losses worth close to $1 billion a year because of weak policing of online theft andfraud. China conducts a great deal of industrial espionage, but its enterprises have a hard time filtering and applying the vast amount of data their hackers steal. Looking only at the Chinese side ofthe relationship, the book does not detail the digital threats that the United States poses to China. But Chinese thinkers believe they are significant, and given China's strategic doctrine of striking first and massively, this creates the risk that in a crisis, Beijing might launch a preemptive cyberattack.The fact that Chinese and Western experts cooperated in this pathbreaking book shows that there is a potential for working together. But there are many obstacles, including the inherent secrecy of the field." -- Foreign Affairs"The US-China relationship is probably the most important in determining the future of cyberspace. Yet despite all the media reporting about Chinese hacking and cyber espionage, we lack a comprehensive picture of what it is China hopes to accomplish in cyberspace and how it copes with its own vulnerability. This is an extremely useful study not only because it brings international relations, intelligence, military, computer science, and China experts together,but also is one of the rare works that includes the contributions of Chinese academics, analysts, and practioners. This book should be read by all who want a greater understanding of China'scybersecurity situation." -- Adam Segal, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies and Director of the Digital and Cyberspace Policy Program, Council on Foreign Relations"The 13 articles by 18 Canadian, US, and Chinese specialists ponder much... Every form of contestation, from crime to espionage, is instantly modernized with the preface cyber... Recommended." -- CHOICE

• Introduction ; China and Cybersecurity: Controversy and Context ; Jon R. Lindsay ; I. ESPIONAGE AND CYBERCRIME ; 1. The Chinese Intelligence Services: Evolution and Empowerment in Cyberspace ; Nigel Inkster ; 2. From Exploitation to Innovation: Acquisition, Absorption, and Application ; Jon R. Lindsay and Tai Ming Cheung ; 3. Investigating the Chinese Online Underground Economy ; Zhuge Jianwei, Gu Lion, Duan Haixin, and Taylor Roberts ; II. MILITARY STRATEGY AND INSTITUTIONS ; 4. From Cyberwarfare to Cybersecurity in the Asia-Pacific and Beyond ; Ye Zheng ; 5. Chinese Writings on Cyber Warfare and Coercion ; Kevin Pollpeter ; 6. The Chinese People's Liberation Army Computer Network Operations Infrastructure ; Mark A. Stokes ; 7. Civil-Military Integration in Cybersecurity: A Study of Chinese Information Warfare Militias ; Robert Sheldon and Joe McReynolds ; III. NATIONAL CYBERSECURITY POLICY ; 8. China's Cybersecurity Situation and the Potential for International Cooperation ; Li Yuxiao and Xu Lu ; 9. Evolving Legal Frameworks for Protecting Internet Privacy in China ; Xu Jinghong ; 10. <"Foreign Hostile Forces>": The Human Rights Dimension of China's Cyber Campaigns ; Sarah McKune ; IV. PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS ; 11. China and Information Security Threats: Policy Responses in the United States ; Fred H. Cate ; Conclusion ; The Rise of China and the Future of Cybersecurity ; Jon R. Lindsay and Derek S. Reveron ; Index