Dustin T. Duncan, ScD, is Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, where he directs the Columbia Spatial Epidemiology Lab and codirects the Social and Spatial Epidemiology Unit. In addition to HIV and sleep epidemiology, his interests include characterizing the COVID-19 epidemic, especially among marginalized populations. He has received several early-career and distinguished scientific contribution, mentoring, and leadership awards from organizations such as the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, the Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science and the National Academy of Medicine. Ichiro Kawachi, MBChB, PhD, is John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Social Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Kawachi is also co-editor of the eponymous first textbook on Social Epidemiology, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. He is an elected member of the Institute ofMedicine of the US National Academy of Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.Stephen S. Morse, PhD, is Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. His research focuses on epidemiology and risk assessment of emerging infectious diseases, and improving disease early warning systems. His book, Emerging Viruses (Oxford University Press, 1993) was selected by American Scientist as one of the "100 Top Science Books of the 20th Century." He served on the Steering Committee of the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, and on numerous National Academies of Sciences and international committees. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Academy of Microbiology.Sir Michael Marmot, CH, MBBS, MPH, PhD, FRCP, FFPHM, FMedSci, FBA, is Professor of Epidemiology and Director of the Institute of Health Equity at the University College London.

The COVID-19 pandemic showed, yet again, that the consequences of pandemics emerge from far more than the pathogen itself. They emerge from the social conditions that set the stage for who becomes sick, who lives, and who dies. This book offers a comprehensive account of the social forces that created the COVID-19 pandemic and points to lessons we would be wise to learn if we are to mitigate the next pandemic.

• ForewordSir Michael Marmot Chapter 1. IntroductionStephen S. Morse, Ichiro Kawachi, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 2. COVID-19 across the Life Course Diana Kuh and Joanna Blodgett Chapter 3. Social Class, Poverty, and COVID-19 Alicia R. Riley and M. Maria Glymour Chapter 4. Race/Ethnicity and COVID-19 Merlin Chowkwanyun, Dean Robinson, and Adolph Reed Chapter 5. Racism, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic David H. Chae, Kara W. Chung, Diamond J. Cunningham, Connor D. Martz, Ethan A. Smith, and Michael Cunningham Chapter 6. International Migration, Immigrant Health, and Social Policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Six Countries Sarah Diaz, Rama Hagos, Tod Hamilton, and Carmela Alcántara Chapter 7. Explaining Binary Sex and Gender Patterns in the Direct and Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19: Biologic and Social Constructions of DifferenceLisa M. Bates Chapter 8. Sexual and Gender Minorities in the COVID-19 PandemicLiadh Timmins, Kevalyn Bharadwaj, Krish J. Bhatt, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 9. Disability and Ableism in the COVID-19 PandemicKrish J. Bhatt and Bonnielin K. Swenor Chapter 10. COVID-19 and Mass Incarceration Sandhya Kajeepeta and Seth Prins Chapter 11. Income Inequality and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 12. Work during and after the Pandemic Susan E. Peters and Gregory R. Wagner Chapter 13. Housing Conditions in the COVID-19 PandemicSebastián Sandoval Olascoaga, César García López, Gabriela Zayas del Rio, and Mariana C. Arcaya Chapter 14. Neighborhoods and COVID-19: Current Research, Future Directions, and Place-Based Interventions Byoungjun Kim, Adam Whalen, Andrew Rundle, Christopher Morrison, Charles Branas, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 15. Social Capital, Social Cohesion, and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi and Yusuf Ransome Chapter 16. Religion, Spirituality, and COVID-19 Yusuf Ransome, Tamara L. Taggart, and Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 17. Trust in Public Health Communications and the COVID-19 Pandemic Rachel McCloud, Mesfin Awoke Bekalu, and K. Vish Viswanath Chapter 18. COVID-19, Welfare States, and Social Policies Wasie Karim, Emilie Courtin, and Peter Muennig Appendix Index

Dustin T. Duncan, ScD, is Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, where he directs the Columbia Spatial Epidemiology Lab and codirects the Social and Spatial Epidemiology Unit. In addition to HIV and sleep epidemiology, his interests include characterizing the COVID-19 epidemic, especially among marginalized populations. He has received several early-career and distinguished scientific contribution, mentoring, and leadership awards from organizations such as the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, the Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science and the National Academy of Medicine. Ichiro Kawachi, MBChB, PhD, is John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Social Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Kawachi is also co-editor of the eponymous first textbook on Social Epidemiology, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. He is an elected member of the Institute ofMedicine of the US National Academy of Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.Stephen S. Morse, PhD, is Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. His research focuses on epidemiology and risk assessment of emerging infectious diseases, and improving disease early warning systems. His book, Emerging Viruses (Oxford University Press, 1993) was selected by American Scientist as one of the "100 Top Science Books of the 20th Century." He served on the Steering Committee of the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, and on numerous National Academies of Sciences and international committees. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Academy of Microbiology.Sir Michael Marmot, CH, MBBS, MPH, PhD, FRCP, FFPHM, FMedSci, FBA, is Professor of Epidemiology and Director of the Institute of Health Equity at the University College London.

The COVID-19 pandemic showed, yet again, that the consequences of pandemics emerge from far more than the pathogen itself. They emerge from the social conditions that set the stage for who becomes sick, who lives, and who dies. This book offers a comprehensive account of the social forces that created the COVID-19 pandemic and points to lessons we would be wise to learn if we are to mitigate the next pandemic.

• ForewordSir Michael Marmot Chapter 1. IntroductionStephen S. Morse, Ichiro Kawachi, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 2. COVID-19 across the Life Course Diana Kuh and Joanna Blodgett Chapter 3. Social Class, Poverty, and COVID-19 Alicia R. Riley and M. Maria Glymour Chapter 4. Race/Ethnicity and COVID-19 Merlin Chowkwanyun, Dean Robinson, and Adolph Reed Chapter 5. Racism, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic David H. Chae, Kara W. Chung, Diamond J. Cunningham, Connor D. Martz, Ethan A. Smith, and Michael Cunningham Chapter 6. International Migration, Immigrant Health, and Social Policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Six Countries Sarah Diaz, Rama Hagos, Tod Hamilton, and Carmela Alcántara Chapter 7. Explaining Binary Sex and Gender Patterns in the Direct and Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19: Biologic and Social Constructions of DifferenceLisa M. Bates Chapter 8. Sexual and Gender Minorities in the COVID-19 PandemicLiadh Timmins, Kevalyn Bharadwaj, Krish J. Bhatt, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 9. Disability and Ableism in the COVID-19 PandemicKrish J. Bhatt and Bonnielin K. Swenor Chapter 10. COVID-19 and Mass Incarceration Sandhya Kajeepeta and Seth Prins Chapter 11. Income Inequality and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 12. Work during and after the Pandemic Susan E. Peters and Gregory R. Wagner Chapter 13. Housing Conditions in the COVID-19 PandemicSebastián Sandoval Olascoaga, César García López, Gabriela Zayas del Rio, and Mariana C. Arcaya Chapter 14. Neighborhoods and COVID-19: Current Research, Future Directions, and Place-Based Interventions Byoungjun Kim, Adam Whalen, Andrew Rundle, Christopher Morrison, Charles Branas, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 15. Social Capital, Social Cohesion, and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi and Yusuf Ransome Chapter 16. Religion, Spirituality, and COVID-19 Yusuf Ransome, Tamara L. Taggart, and Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 17. Trust in Public Health Communications and the COVID-19 Pandemic Rachel McCloud, Mesfin Awoke Bekalu, and K. Vish Viswanath Chapter 18. COVID-19, Welfare States, and Social Policies Wasie Karim, Emilie Courtin, and Peter Muennig Appendix Index

Dustin T. Duncan, ScD, is Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, where he directs the Columbia Spatial Epidemiology Lab and codirects the Social and Spatial Epidemiology Unit. In addition to HIV and sleep epidemiology, his interests include characterizing the COVID-19 epidemic, especially among marginalized populations. He has received several early-career and distinguished scientific contribution, mentoring, and leadership awards from organizations such as the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, the Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science and the National Academy of Medicine. Ichiro Kawachi, MBChB, PhD, is John L. Loeb and Frances Lehman Loeb Professor of Social Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Dr. Kawachi is also co-editor of the eponymous first textbook on Social Epidemiology, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. He is an elected member of the Institute ofMedicine of the US National Academy of Sciences and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.Stephen S. Morse, PhD, is Professor of Epidemiology at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. His research focuses on epidemiology and risk assessment of emerging infectious diseases, and improving disease early warning systems. His book, Emerging Viruses (Oxford University Press, 1993) was selected by American Scientist as one of the "100 Top Science Books of the 20th Century." He served on the Steering Committee of the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, and on numerous National Academies of Sciences and international committees. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the American Academy of Microbiology.Sir Michael Marmot, CH, MBBS, MPH, PhD, FRCP, FFPHM, FMedSci, FBA, is Professor of Epidemiology and Director of the Institute of Health Equity at the University College London.

The COVID-19 pandemic showed, yet again, that the consequences of pandemics emerge from far more than the pathogen itself. They emerge from the social conditions that set the stage for who becomes sick, who lives, and who dies. This book offers a comprehensive account of the social forces that created the COVID-19 pandemic and points to lessons we would be wise to learn if we are to mitigate the next pandemic.

• ForewordSir Michael Marmot Chapter 1. IntroductionStephen S. Morse, Ichiro Kawachi, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 2. COVID-19 across the Life Course Diana Kuh and Joanna Blodgett Chapter 3. Social Class, Poverty, and COVID-19 Alicia R. Riley and M. Maria Glymour Chapter 4. Race/Ethnicity and COVID-19 Merlin Chowkwanyun, Dean Robinson, and Adolph Reed Chapter 5. Racism, Stigma, and the COVID-19 Pandemic David H. Chae, Kara W. Chung, Diamond J. Cunningham, Connor D. Martz, Ethan A. Smith, and Michael Cunningham Chapter 6. International Migration, Immigrant Health, and Social Policies during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Six Countries Sarah Diaz, Rama Hagos, Tod Hamilton, and Carmela Alcántara Chapter 7. Explaining Binary Sex and Gender Patterns in the Direct and Indirect Health Effects of COVID-19: Biologic and Social Constructions of DifferenceLisa M. Bates Chapter 8. Sexual and Gender Minorities in the COVID-19 PandemicLiadh Timmins, Kevalyn Bharadwaj, Krish J. Bhatt, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 9. Disability and Ableism in the COVID-19 PandemicKrish J. Bhatt and Bonnielin K. Swenor Chapter 10. COVID-19 and Mass Incarceration Sandhya Kajeepeta and Seth Prins Chapter 11. Income Inequality and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 12. Work during and after the Pandemic Susan E. Peters and Gregory R. Wagner Chapter 13. Housing Conditions in the COVID-19 PandemicSebastián Sandoval Olascoaga, César García López, Gabriela Zayas del Rio, and Mariana C. Arcaya Chapter 14. Neighborhoods and COVID-19: Current Research, Future Directions, and Place-Based Interventions Byoungjun Kim, Adam Whalen, Andrew Rundle, Christopher Morrison, Charles Branas, and Dustin T. Duncan Chapter 15. Social Capital, Social Cohesion, and COVID-19 Ichiro Kawachi and Yusuf Ransome Chapter 16. Religion, Spirituality, and COVID-19 Yusuf Ransome, Tamara L. Taggart, and Ichiro Kawachi Chapter 17. Trust in Public Health Communications and the COVID-19 Pandemic Rachel McCloud, Mesfin Awoke Bekalu, and K. Vish Viswanath Chapter 18. COVID-19, Welfare States, and Social Policies Wasie Karim, Emilie Courtin, and Peter Muennig Appendix Index