Michael Frede (1940–2007) studied in Göttingen with Günther Patzig and obtained his PhD with a thesis on Plato's Sophist in 1967. He taught at Göttingen, Berkeley, Princeton, and, finally, Oxford as Professor of the History of Philosophy. Frede retired in 2005 and moved to Athens. He did pioneering work on Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic philosophers, especially on the Stoics and Sceptics. Frede also pioneered the study of philosophy, including Christian philosophy, in later antiquity.George Boys-Stones read Classics at Christ's College Cambridge, and wrote his doctoral dissertation (on Plutarch and the Stoics) under the supervision of Michael Frede at St John's College, Oxford. As a Junior Research Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Boys-Stones started working on philosophy in the Roman Mediterranean during the period 100 BC to 200 AD. He taught in the Classics Department at Durham University for 20 years from 1999, serving as Head of Department between 2009 and 2012. In 2019 Boys-Stones moved to the University of Toronto, where he is now Chair of the Department of Classics.George Karamanolis is Professor in Philosophy at the University of Vienna. He works primarily on ancient philosophy while maintaining research interests in Byzantine and Renaissance philosophy. His publications include Plato and Aristotle in Agreement? (OUP 2006), Studies on Porphyry (2007), The Philosophy of Early Christianity (2013), The Aporetic Tradition in Ancient Philosophy (2018), and Pseudo-Aristotle On the Cosmos: A Commentary (2021). Karamanolis is currently working on a new edition of the Magna Moralia.

• Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1: Epilogue to The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy 2: Galen's Theology 3: Numenius 4: Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity 5: The Early Christian Reception of Socrates 6: Origen's Treatise Against Celsus 7: Celsus Philosophus Platonicus 8: Celsus' Attack on the Christians 9: Eusebius' Apologetic Writings 10: Longinus' Theory of Ideas 11: Syrianus on Aristotle's Metaphysics 12: The Concept of the Individual in the Church Fathers 13: Aristotle's Categories and the Greek Church Fathers 14: John of Damascus on Human Action, the Will, and Human Freedom List of Michael Frede's publications References Index locorum Index rerum

Michael Frede (1940–2007) studied in Göttingen with Günther Patzig and obtained his PhD with a thesis on Plato's Sophist in 1967. He taught at Göttingen, Berkeley, Princeton, and, finally, Oxford as Professor of the History of Philosophy. Frede retired in 2005 and moved to Athens. He did pioneering work on Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic philosophers, especially on the Stoics and Sceptics. Frede also pioneered the study of philosophy, including Christian philosophy, in later antiquity.George Boys-Stones read Classics at Christ's College Cambridge, and wrote his doctoral dissertation (on Plutarch and the Stoics) under the supervision of Michael Frede at St John's College, Oxford. As a Junior Research Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Boys-Stones started working on philosophy in the Roman Mediterranean during the period 100 BC to 200 AD. He taught in the Classics Department at Durham University for 20 years from 1999, serving as Head of Department between 2009 and 2012. In 2019 Boys-Stones moved to the University of Toronto, where he is now Chair of the Department of Classics.George Karamanolis is Professor in Philosophy at the University of Vienna. He works primarily on ancient philosophy while maintaining research interests in Byzantine and Renaissance philosophy. His publications include Plato and Aristotle in Agreement? (OUP 2006), Studies on Porphyry (2007), The Philosophy of Early Christianity (2013), The Aporetic Tradition in Ancient Philosophy (2018), and Pseudo-Aristotle On the Cosmos: A Commentary (2021). Karamanolis is currently working on a new edition of the Magna Moralia.

• Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1: Epilogue to The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy 2: Galen's Theology 3: Numenius 4: Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity 5: The Early Christian Reception of Socrates 6: Origen's Treatise Against Celsus 7: Celsus Philosophus Platonicus 8: Celsus' Attack on the Christians 9: Eusebius' Apologetic Writings 10: Longinus' Theory of Ideas 11: Syrianus on Aristotle's Metaphysics 12: The Concept of the Individual in the Church Fathers 13: Aristotle's Categories and the Greek Church Fathers 14: John of Damascus on Human Action, the Will, and Human Freedom List of Michael Frede's publications References Index locorum Index rerum

Michael Frede (1940–2007) studied in Göttingen with Günther Patzig and obtained his PhD with a thesis on Plato's Sophist in 1967. He taught at Göttingen, Berkeley, Princeton, and, finally, Oxford as Professor of the History of Philosophy. Frede retired in 2005 and moved to Athens. He did pioneering work on Plato, Aristotle, and the Hellenistic philosophers, especially on the Stoics and Sceptics. Frede also pioneered the study of philosophy, including Christian philosophy, in later antiquity.George Boys-Stones read Classics at Christ's College Cambridge, and wrote his doctoral dissertation (on Plutarch and the Stoics) under the supervision of Michael Frede at St John's College, Oxford. As a Junior Research Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, Boys-Stones started working on philosophy in the Roman Mediterranean during the period 100 BC to 200 AD. He taught in the Classics Department at Durham University for 20 years from 1999, serving as Head of Department between 2009 and 2012. In 2019 Boys-Stones moved to the University of Toronto, where he is now Chair of the Department of Classics.George Karamanolis is Professor in Philosophy at the University of Vienna. He works primarily on ancient philosophy while maintaining research interests in Byzantine and Renaissance philosophy. His publications include Plato and Aristotle in Agreement? (OUP 2006), Studies on Porphyry (2007), The Philosophy of Early Christianity (2013), The Aporetic Tradition in Ancient Philosophy (2018), and Pseudo-Aristotle On the Cosmos: A Commentary (2021). Karamanolis is currently working on a new edition of the Magna Moralia.

• Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1: Epilogue to The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy 2: Galen's Theology 3: Numenius 4: Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity 5: The Early Christian Reception of Socrates 6: Origen's Treatise Against Celsus 7: Celsus Philosophus Platonicus 8: Celsus' Attack on the Christians 9: Eusebius' Apologetic Writings 10: Longinus' Theory of Ideas 11: Syrianus on Aristotle's Metaphysics 12: The Concept of the Individual in the Church Fathers 13: Aristotle's Categories and the Greek Church Fathers 14: John of Damascus on Human Action, the Will, and Human Freedom List of Michael Frede's publications References Index locorum Index rerum