Tom Sparks is a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, where he works on international environmental law, the humanisation of international law and legal theory. He wrote his doctoral thesis at the University of Durham, entitled Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System. The thesis won the Global Policy North network of research universities' prize for the best doctoral dissertation of 2018. He is the author of Self-Determination in the International Legal System: Whose Claim, to What Right? (Hart 2023).Anne Peters is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Heidelberg, a professor at the universities of Heidelberg, Freie Universität Berlin, Basel, and Michigan. She has been a member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) in respect of Germany (2011-2015), served as the President of the European Society of International Law (2010-2012) and as President of the German Society of International Law (DGIR) (2019-2023). She is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and an associate member of the Institut de Droit International.

• Contributors Acknowledgments 1: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Introduction: The History and Theory of the Individual in International Law 1 The Individual in the History of International Law 2: Eleanor Cowan: The Individual in International Law in Antiquity 3: Dante Fedele & Alain Wijffels: Individuals and Group Identity in Medieval International Law 4: Francesca Iurlaro: From Exemplary Individuals to Private Persons with Rights: International Law 1500-1647, Vitoria, Gentili, and Grotius 5: Mark Somos: From Re- to Demoralisation: The Individual in International Law, 1648-1789 6: Inge Van Hulle: The Individual in International Law in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1914 7: Anne Peters: Before Human Rights: The Formation of the International Status of the Individual, 1914-1945 2 The Individual in the Theory of International Law 8: Gleider I. Hernández: Legal Positivism and the Individual in International Law 9: Rafael Domingo: The Individual in International Law from the Contemporary Sacred Natural Law Perspective 10: Tom Sparks: The Individual in Secular Natural Law Theories of International Law 11: B.S. Chimni: The Status of the Individual in International Law: A TWAIL Perspective 12: Ruth Houghton: The Individual in Feminist Approaches to International Law 13: Marina Veli%ckovi'c: A Marxist Account of the Individual in International Law 14: Angelo Jr. Golia: Global Law and the Individual 15: Ba,sak Çal)i: Global Constitutionalism and the Individual 16: Anne van Aaken: The Individual in (International) Law and Economics 17: Marie-Claire Foblets: Individual Personhood in Anthropological Approaches to International Law 18: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Conclusion: Reconsidering the Individual in International Law Index

Tom Sparks is a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, where he works on international environmental law, the humanisation of international law and legal theory. He wrote his doctoral thesis at the University of Durham, entitled Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System. The thesis won the Global Policy North network of research universities' prize for the best doctoral dissertation of 2018. He is the author of Self-Determination in the International Legal System: Whose Claim, to What Right? (Hart 2023).Anne Peters is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Heidelberg, a professor at the universities of Heidelberg, Freie Universität Berlin, Basel, and Michigan. She has been a member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) in respect of Germany (2011-2015), served as the President of the European Society of International Law (2010-2012) and as President of the German Society of International Law (DGIR) (2019-2023). She is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and an associate member of the Institut de Droit International.

• Contributors Acknowledgments 1: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Introduction: The History and Theory of the Individual in International Law 1 The Individual in the History of International Law 2: Eleanor Cowan: The Individual in International Law in Antiquity 3: Dante Fedele & Alain Wijffels: Individuals and Group Identity in Medieval International Law 4: Francesca Iurlaro: From Exemplary Individuals to Private Persons with Rights: International Law 1500-1647, Vitoria, Gentili, and Grotius 5: Mark Somos: From Re- to Demoralisation: The Individual in International Law, 1648-1789 6: Inge Van Hulle: The Individual in International Law in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1914 7: Anne Peters: Before Human Rights: The Formation of the International Status of the Individual, 1914-1945 2 The Individual in the Theory of International Law 8: Gleider I. Hernández: Legal Positivism and the Individual in International Law 9: Rafael Domingo: The Individual in International Law from the Contemporary Sacred Natural Law Perspective 10: Tom Sparks: The Individual in Secular Natural Law Theories of International Law 11: B.S. Chimni: The Status of the Individual in International Law: A TWAIL Perspective 12: Ruth Houghton: The Individual in Feminist Approaches to International Law 13: Marina Veli%ckovi'c: A Marxist Account of the Individual in International Law 14: Angelo Jr. Golia: Global Law and the Individual 15: Ba,sak Çal)i: Global Constitutionalism and the Individual 16: Anne van Aaken: The Individual in (International) Law and Economics 17: Marie-Claire Foblets: Individual Personhood in Anthropological Approaches to International Law 18: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Conclusion: Reconsidering the Individual in International Law Index

Tom Sparks is a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, where he works on international environmental law, the humanisation of international law and legal theory. He wrote his doctoral thesis at the University of Durham, entitled Towards a Human-Centred International Law: Self-Determination and the Structure of the International Legal System. The thesis won the Global Policy North network of research universities' prize for the best doctoral dissertation of 2018. He is the author of Self-Determination in the International Legal System: Whose Claim, to What Right? (Hart 2023).Anne Peters is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Heidelberg, a professor at the universities of Heidelberg, Freie Universität Berlin, Basel, and Michigan. She has been a member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) in respect of Germany (2011-2015), served as the President of the European Society of International Law (2010-2012) and as President of the German Society of International Law (DGIR) (2019-2023). She is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and an associate member of the Institut de Droit International.

• Contributors Acknowledgments 1: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Introduction: The History and Theory of the Individual in International Law 1 The Individual in the History of International Law 2: Eleanor Cowan: The Individual in International Law in Antiquity 3: Dante Fedele & Alain Wijffels: Individuals and Group Identity in Medieval International Law 4: Francesca Iurlaro: From Exemplary Individuals to Private Persons with Rights: International Law 1500-1647, Vitoria, Gentili, and Grotius 5: Mark Somos: From Re- to Demoralisation: The Individual in International Law, 1648-1789 6: Inge Van Hulle: The Individual in International Law in the Nineteenth Century, 1789-1914 7: Anne Peters: Before Human Rights: The Formation of the International Status of the Individual, 1914-1945 2 The Individual in the Theory of International Law 8: Gleider I. Hernández: Legal Positivism and the Individual in International Law 9: Rafael Domingo: The Individual in International Law from the Contemporary Sacred Natural Law Perspective 10: Tom Sparks: The Individual in Secular Natural Law Theories of International Law 11: B.S. Chimni: The Status of the Individual in International Law: A TWAIL Perspective 12: Ruth Houghton: The Individual in Feminist Approaches to International Law 13: Marina Veli%ckovi'c: A Marxist Account of the Individual in International Law 14: Angelo Jr. Golia: Global Law and the Individual 15: Ba,sak Çal)i: Global Constitutionalism and the Individual 16: Anne van Aaken: The Individual in (International) Law and Economics 17: Marie-Claire Foblets: Individual Personhood in Anthropological Approaches to International Law 18: Anne Peters & Tom Sparks: Conclusion: Reconsidering the Individual in International Law Index