HARTMUT BEHR is Professor of International Politics at Newcastle University, UK. He is the author of 'Zuwanderungspolitik im Nationalstaat' (1998) and 'Entterritoriale Politik' (2004) and has published widely in international journals such as the European Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, Geopolitics, Journal of Politics, International Political Economy, Zeitschrift fuer Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB).

'Hartmut Behr's A History of International Political Theory: Ontologies of the International is a fascinating critical reconsideration of how generations of political thinkers have appraised the interplay between universal and particular interests among the relations of states in their understandings of "the world" from Western antiquity through the present-day. This richly nuanced and comprehensive analysis of the many epistemological and ontological complexities in disciplined thinking about "international" affairs will be essential reading for anyone wanting to understand how these complexities affect our moral reasoning and political decisions about war and peace, identity and difference, locality and globality as humanity deals with the strategic challenges of the twenty-first century.' - Timothy W. Luke, University Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 'Taking the relationship between universalism and particularism as his starting point, Behr provides a panoramic historical vision of international political theory. In its attempt to reconstruct a philosophical genealogy of war and peace, and a renewed ethics, this original and remarkably wide-ranging book is as challenging as it is ambitious: it deserves widespread attention across International Relations and beyond.' - Michael C Williams, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, Canada

• Preface Introduction PART I: UNIVERSALISM IN GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY AND CHRISTIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Greek and Roman Antiquity Christian Political Pragmatism and Ethical Universalism - Aurelius Augustine and Thomas Aquinas PART II: UNIVERSALISTIC THINKING FROM EARLY MODERN TIMES TO ENLIGHTENMENT Universalistic Thinking in Christian Legal Philosophy - Bartolomé de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria Universalistic Frameworks in Early Modern Political Theory - Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant PART III: THE EMERGENCE OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY Philosophies of 'National Interest' - Hegel on International, National Monumental Historiography, Geopolitical Thought Manufacturing Inter-National Co-operation: The English School PART IV: THE TRIUMPH OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Neo-Realism and the 'Scientification' of International Political Theory 'Misreadings' in IR: Re-assessing Morgenthau, Ideology, and the Reification-Problem PART V: INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION – TOWARDS RENEWED ONTOL-OGY(IES) Universal, Universalistic - Universalized Loss of Ethics, or the Re-invention of Universal Thinking in Global Politics? Notes Bibliography Index

HARTMUT BEHR is Professor of International Politics at Newcastle University, UK. He is the author of 'Zuwanderungspolitik im Nationalstaat' (1998) and 'Entterritoriale Politik' (2004) and has published widely in international journals such as the European Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, Geopolitics, Journal of Politics, International Political Economy, Zeitschrift fuer Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB).

'Hartmut Behr's A History of International Political Theory: Ontologies of the International is a fascinating critical reconsideration of how generations of political thinkers have appraised the interplay between universal and particular interests among the relations of states in their understandings of "the world" from Western antiquity through the present-day. This richly nuanced and comprehensive analysis of the many epistemological and ontological complexities in disciplined thinking about "international" affairs will be essential reading for anyone wanting to understand how these complexities affect our moral reasoning and political decisions about war and peace, identity and difference, locality and globality as humanity deals with the strategic challenges of the twenty-first century.' - Timothy W. Luke, University Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 'Taking the relationship between universalism and particularism as his starting point, Behr provides a panoramic historical vision of international political theory. In its attempt to reconstruct a philosophical genealogy of war and peace, and a renewed ethics, this original and remarkably wide-ranging book is as challenging as it is ambitious: it deserves widespread attention across International Relations and beyond.' - Michael C Williams, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, Canada

• Preface Introduction PART I: UNIVERSALISM IN GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY AND CHRISTIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Greek and Roman Antiquity Christian Political Pragmatism and Ethical Universalism - Aurelius Augustine and Thomas Aquinas PART II: UNIVERSALISTIC THINKING FROM EARLY MODERN TIMES TO ENLIGHTENMENT Universalistic Thinking in Christian Legal Philosophy - Bartolomé de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria Universalistic Frameworks in Early Modern Political Theory - Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant PART III: THE EMERGENCE OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY Philosophies of 'National Interest' - Hegel on International, National Monumental Historiography, Geopolitical Thought Manufacturing Inter-National Co-operation: The English School PART IV: THE TRIUMPH OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Neo-Realism and the 'Scientification' of International Political Theory 'Misreadings' in IR: Re-assessing Morgenthau, Ideology, and the Reification-Problem PART V: INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION – TOWARDS RENEWED ONTOL-OGY(IES) Universal, Universalistic - Universalized Loss of Ethics, or the Re-invention of Universal Thinking in Global Politics? Notes Bibliography Index

HARTMUT BEHR is Professor of International Politics at Newcastle University, UK. He is the author of 'Zuwanderungspolitik im Nationalstaat' (1998) and 'Entterritoriale Politik' (2004) and has published widely in international journals such as the European Journal of International Relations, Review of International Studies, Geopolitics, Journal of Politics, International Political Economy, Zeitschrift fuer Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB).

'Hartmut Behr's A History of International Political Theory: Ontologies of the International is a fascinating critical reconsideration of how generations of political thinkers have appraised the interplay between universal and particular interests among the relations of states in their understandings of "the world" from Western antiquity through the present-day. This richly nuanced and comprehensive analysis of the many epistemological and ontological complexities in disciplined thinking about "international" affairs will be essential reading for anyone wanting to understand how these complexities affect our moral reasoning and political decisions about war and peace, identity and difference, locality and globality as humanity deals with the strategic challenges of the twenty-first century.' - Timothy W. Luke, University Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA 'Taking the relationship between universalism and particularism as his starting point, Behr provides a panoramic historical vision of international political theory. In its attempt to reconstruct a philosophical genealogy of war and peace, and a renewed ethics, this original and remarkably wide-ranging book is as challenging as it is ambitious: it deserves widespread attention across International Relations and beyond.' - Michael C Williams, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Ottawa, Canada

• Preface Introduction PART I: UNIVERSALISM IN GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITY AND CHRISTIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Greek and Roman Antiquity Christian Political Pragmatism and Ethical Universalism - Aurelius Augustine and Thomas Aquinas PART II: UNIVERSALISTIC THINKING FROM EARLY MODERN TIMES TO ENLIGHTENMENT Universalistic Thinking in Christian Legal Philosophy - Bartolomé de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria Universalistic Frameworks in Early Modern Political Theory - Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant PART III: THE EMERGENCE OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY Philosophies of 'National Interest' - Hegel on International, National Monumental Historiography, Geopolitical Thought Manufacturing Inter-National Co-operation: The English School PART IV: THE TRIUMPH OF PARTICULARISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY Neo-Realism and the 'Scientification' of International Political Theory 'Misreadings' in IR: Re-assessing Morgenthau, Ideology, and the Reification-Problem PART V: INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION – TOWARDS RENEWED ONTOL-OGY(IES) Universal, Universalistic - Universalized Loss of Ethics, or the Re-invention of Universal Thinking in Global Politics? Notes Bibliography Index