Alessandra Tarquini is an associate professor of contemporary history at Sapienza University in Rome. She is the author of A History of Italian Fascist Culture, 1922–1943.Max Matukhin is a researcher in medieval literature at UniversitÀ degli studi di Bergamo.

“Tarquini brings together the history of ideas and culture with political and geopolitical history. The resulting work admirably analyzes the ambivalence and the inadequacy of the Italian left regarding antisemitism and the ‘Jewish question,’ allowing us to observe its long-term consequences.” - Lorenzo Benadusi, author of The Enemy of the New Man: Homosexuality in Fascist Italy“In analyzing a century of difficult relations between ‘socialism, Zionism, and antisemitism,’ from the birth of the Socialist Party to the end of the First Republic, Alessandra Tarquini brings to the center of attention some little-known and rather uncomfortable truths.” - Il Foglio, praise for the Italian-language edition

• Introduction Prologue: The European Socialists and the Jewish Question, 1791–1892 1. The Origins of the Issue: Socialists and Jews in Liberal Italy 2. The Inadequacy of the Left: Socialists and Zionism After World War I 3. A Precarious Friendship: The Parties of the Left in New International Contexts 4. Discovering Jews: A New Sensibility from Genoa to the Center Left 5. The Crisis: Relations Between the Italian Left and Jews 6. Great Hopes: The Left and the Situation in the Middle East Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index

Alessandra Tarquini is an associate professor of contemporary history at Sapienza University in Rome. She is the author of A History of Italian Fascist Culture, 1922–1943.Max Matukhin is a researcher in medieval literature at UniversitÀ degli studi di Bergamo.

“Tarquini brings together the history of ideas and culture with political and geopolitical history. The resulting work admirably analyzes the ambivalence and the inadequacy of the Italian left regarding antisemitism and the ‘Jewish question,’ allowing us to observe its long-term consequences.” - Lorenzo Benadusi, author of The Enemy of the New Man: Homosexuality in Fascist Italy“In analyzing a century of difficult relations between ‘socialism, Zionism, and antisemitism,’ from the birth of the Socialist Party to the end of the First Republic, Alessandra Tarquini brings to the center of attention some little-known and rather uncomfortable truths.” - Il Foglio, praise for the Italian-language edition

• Introduction Prologue: The European Socialists and the Jewish Question, 1791–1892 1. The Origins of the Issue: Socialists and Jews in Liberal Italy 2. The Inadequacy of the Left: Socialists and Zionism After World War I 3. A Precarious Friendship: The Parties of the Left in New International Contexts 4. Discovering Jews: A New Sensibility from Genoa to the Center Left 5. The Crisis: Relations Between the Italian Left and Jews 6. Great Hopes: The Left and the Situation in the Middle East Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index

Alessandra Tarquini is an associate professor of contemporary history at Sapienza University in Rome. She is the author of A History of Italian Fascist Culture, 1922–1943.Max Matukhin is a researcher in medieval literature at UniversitÀ degli studi di Bergamo.

“Tarquini brings together the history of ideas and culture with political and geopolitical history. The resulting work admirably analyzes the ambivalence and the inadequacy of the Italian left regarding antisemitism and the ‘Jewish question,’ allowing us to observe its long-term consequences.” - Lorenzo Benadusi, author of The Enemy of the New Man: Homosexuality in Fascist Italy“In analyzing a century of difficult relations between ‘socialism, Zionism, and antisemitism,’ from the birth of the Socialist Party to the end of the First Republic, Alessandra Tarquini brings to the center of attention some little-known and rather uncomfortable truths.” - Il Foglio, praise for the Italian-language edition

• Introduction Prologue: The European Socialists and the Jewish Question, 1791–1892 1. The Origins of the Issue: Socialists and Jews in Liberal Italy 2. The Inadequacy of the Left: Socialists and Zionism After World War I 3. A Precarious Friendship: The Parties of the Left in New International Contexts 4. Discovering Jews: A New Sensibility from Genoa to the Center Left 5. The Crisis: Relations Between the Italian Left and Jews 6. Great Hopes: The Left and the Situation in the Middle East Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index