Based on the deliberations of a high-level international conference, this report summarizes the presentations of an exceptional group of experts, convened by Intel''s Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore and SEMATECH''s Chairman Emeritus William Spencer. The report documents the critical technological challenges facing this key industry and the rapid growth in government-industry partnerships overseas to support centers of semiconductor research and production in national economies. Importantly, the report provides a series of recommendations designed to strengthen U.S. research in disciplines supporting the continued growth of semiconductor industry, an industry which has made major contributions to the remarkable increases in productivity in the U.S. economy.