JOHN GARRARD is Senior Lecturer in British history at the University of Salford. His publications include The English And Immigration: English Reaction to Jewish Emigration 1880-1910 and Leadership and Power in the Nineteenth Century Towns.VERA TOLZ is Lecturer in Russian history and politics at the University of Salford. Her publications include The USSR's Emerging Multiparty System and Russian Academicians and the Revolution.RALPH WHITE is Senior Fellow in the Department of Politics and Contemporary History at the University of Salford. He edited a volume on Resistance in Europe 1939-1945 and published chapters and articles on interwar Europe.

• Notes on the Contributors Introduction Liberal Democratic Theory: Some Reflections on its History and its Present; A.Oldfield PHASE 1: The NINETEENTH CENTURY Democratization in Britain; J.Garrard Bearing the Stamp of History: the Elitist Route to Democracy in the Netherlands; R.van der Laarse PHASE 2: BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS Democracy and War; R.White The Attempt at Democratization under Weimar; S.Berger The Corporatist Challenge and the Overthrow of the Spanish Second Republic; A.Smith PHASE 3: POST-1945 Restoration and Stability: the Creation of a Stable Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany; M.Roseman PHASE 4: POST-COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE Post-Communist East Central Europe: Dilemmas of Democratization; T.Rakowska-Harmstone Russia's Democratic Transition and its Challenges; V.Tolz Insiders, Mafiosi and Stationary Bandits: Some Stories about Russian Capitalism; P.Hanson Citizenship and Democracy; E.Teague Democratic Destination: the Examples of Britain and Italy; J.Newell Conclusions; J.Garrard, V.Tolz & R.White Index

JOHN GARRARD is Senior Lecturer in British history at the University of Salford. His publications include The English And Immigration: English Reaction to Jewish Emigration 1880-1910 and Leadership and Power in the Nineteenth Century Towns.VERA TOLZ is Lecturer in Russian history and politics at the University of Salford. Her publications include The USSR's Emerging Multiparty System and Russian Academicians and the Revolution.RALPH WHITE is Senior Fellow in the Department of Politics and Contemporary History at the University of Salford. He edited a volume on Resistance in Europe 1939-1945 and published chapters and articles on interwar Europe.

• Notes on the Contributors Introduction Liberal Democratic Theory: Some Reflections on its History and its Present; A.Oldfield PHASE 1: The NINETEENTH CENTURY Democratization in Britain; J.Garrard Bearing the Stamp of History: the Elitist Route to Democracy in the Netherlands; R.van der Laarse PHASE 2: BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS Democracy and War; R.White The Attempt at Democratization under Weimar; S.Berger The Corporatist Challenge and the Overthrow of the Spanish Second Republic; A.Smith PHASE 3: POST-1945 Restoration and Stability: the Creation of a Stable Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany; M.Roseman PHASE 4: POST-COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE Post-Communist East Central Europe: Dilemmas of Democratization; T.Rakowska-Harmstone Russia's Democratic Transition and its Challenges; V.Tolz Insiders, Mafiosi and Stationary Bandits: Some Stories about Russian Capitalism; P.Hanson Citizenship and Democracy; E.Teague Democratic Destination: the Examples of Britain and Italy; J.Newell Conclusions; J.Garrard, V.Tolz & R.White Index

JOHN GARRARD is Senior Lecturer in British history at the University of Salford. His publications include The English And Immigration: English Reaction to Jewish Emigration 1880-1910 and Leadership and Power in the Nineteenth Century Towns.VERA TOLZ is Lecturer in Russian history and politics at the University of Salford. Her publications include The USSR's Emerging Multiparty System and Russian Academicians and the Revolution.RALPH WHITE is Senior Fellow in the Department of Politics and Contemporary History at the University of Salford. He edited a volume on Resistance in Europe 1939-1945 and published chapters and articles on interwar Europe.

• Notes on the Contributors Introduction Liberal Democratic Theory: Some Reflections on its History and its Present; A.Oldfield PHASE 1: The NINETEENTH CENTURY Democratization in Britain; J.Garrard Bearing the Stamp of History: the Elitist Route to Democracy in the Netherlands; R.van der Laarse PHASE 2: BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS Democracy and War; R.White The Attempt at Democratization under Weimar; S.Berger The Corporatist Challenge and the Overthrow of the Spanish Second Republic; A.Smith PHASE 3: POST-1945 Restoration and Stability: the Creation of a Stable Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany; M.Roseman PHASE 4: POST-COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE Post-Communist East Central Europe: Dilemmas of Democratization; T.Rakowska-Harmstone Russia's Democratic Transition and its Challenges; V.Tolz Insiders, Mafiosi and Stationary Bandits: Some Stories about Russian Capitalism; P.Hanson Citizenship and Democracy; E.Teague Democratic Destination: the Examples of Britain and Italy; J.Newell Conclusions; J.Garrard, V.Tolz & R.White Index