Grassroots Russian women''s organizations faced multiple challenges in the early 1990s. Like their members, they were confronted with both potentially hostile attitudes and numerous practical difficulties. Post-Soviet ideologies of gender difference produced a gender climate which was particularly unsympathetic to female activism in support of other women. This book presents a detailed study of grassroots Russian women''s organizations in 1991-96, against the background of a careful analysis of gender relations and attitudes to women''s place in post-Soviet Russian society.