John W. Livingston is Associate Professor of History at the William Paterson University of New Jersey, USA.

• Part I Islam in ascendance1 The historical setting of the great age2 The record of original achievement3 Science in a religious society4 Al-Ghazali at the crossroadsPart II The Latin connection: from Greco–Arab classical to European modern5 The Latin connections: translation and transmission6 Latin assimilation and ascendancy7 Renaissance and RevolutionPart III From Muslim empires in rise and fall to Western ascendance8 Military ascendancy: 1258–16009 Prologue to decline: the past as future10 Military misfortune and the beginning of scientific and technical transfer 1600–172211 The Tulip Period12 Toward a new order13 The new orderPart IV Catching up to the West: science assimilation in Cairo and Istanbul under autocratic reformers14 The West’s continuing progress15 Bonaparte’s expedition: savants, shaykhs and the Institut d’Egypte16 Muhammad Ali’s militarization of modernization and educational reform17 Foreign missions18 Assessment of Muhammad Ali’s reforms19 Azharite shaykhs and modern science20 Intensification of Ottoman reform under Sultan Mahmud

John W. Livingston is Associate Professor of History at the William Paterson University of New Jersey, USA.

• Part I Islam in ascendance1 The historical setting of the great age2 The record of original achievement3 Science in a religious society4 Al-Ghazali at the crossroadsPart II The Latin connection: from Greco–Arab classical to European modern5 The Latin connections: translation and transmission6 Latin assimilation and ascendancy7 Renaissance and RevolutionPart III From Muslim empires in rise and fall to Western ascendance8 Military ascendancy: 1258–16009 Prologue to decline: the past as future10 Military misfortune and the beginning of scientific and technical transfer 1600–172211 The Tulip Period12 Toward a new order13 The new orderPart IV Catching up to the West: science assimilation in Cairo and Istanbul under autocratic reformers14 The West’s continuing progress15 Bonaparte’s expedition: savants, shaykhs and the Institut d’Egypte16 Muhammad Ali’s militarization of modernization and educational reform17 Foreign missions18 Assessment of Muhammad Ali’s reforms19 Azharite shaykhs and modern science20 Intensification of Ottoman reform under Sultan Mahmud

John W. Livingston is Associate Professor of History at the William Paterson University of New Jersey, USA.

• Part I Islam in ascendance1 The historical setting of the great age2 The record of original achievement3 Science in a religious society4 Al-Ghazali at the crossroadsPart II The Latin connection: from Greco–Arab classical to European modern5 The Latin connections: translation and transmission6 Latin assimilation and ascendancy7 Renaissance and RevolutionPart III From Muslim empires in rise and fall to Western ascendance8 Military ascendancy: 1258–16009 Prologue to decline: the past as future10 Military misfortune and the beginning of scientific and technical transfer 1600–172211 The Tulip Period12 Toward a new order13 The new orderPart IV Catching up to the West: science assimilation in Cairo and Istanbul under autocratic reformers14 The West’s continuing progress15 Bonaparte’s expedition: savants, shaykhs and the Institut d’Egypte16 Muhammad Ali’s militarization of modernization and educational reform17 Foreign missions18 Assessment of Muhammad Ali’s reforms19 Azharite shaykhs and modern science20 Intensification of Ottoman reform under Sultan Mahmud