Jean-David Gerber is Associate Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland (tenure track).Thomas Hartmann is Associate Professor at Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.Andreas Hengstermann is a PhD student at the Institute of Geography, Research Unit Urban and Regional Planning, University of Bern, Switzerland.

• I Preface Foreword Preface II Introduction 1. Land, scarcity, and property rights 2. Land policy – how to deal with scarcity of land 3. Instruments of land policy – four types of intervention III REGULATING LAND USES WITHOUT IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 4. Reference land values in Germany: Land policy by market transparency 5. Added value capturing in Switzerland: How much is enough? 6. Land taxation in Estonia: An efficient instrument of land policy for land scarcity, equity, and ecology IV STEERING LAND USES THROUGH REGULATION IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 7. Negotiated land use plans in the Netherlands: A central instrument in Dutch ‘active’ and ‘passive’ land policy 8. Urban growth boundary in the USA: Managing land scarcity in the Portland region 9. Land readjustment in Portugal: Theoretically attractive but eternally postponed in practice 10. Building obligations in Switzerland: Overcoming the passivity of plan implementation V REDEFINING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 11. Pre-emption rights in France: Disputes over pre-emptions and the ‘land scarcity’ 12. Tradable development rights in the US: Making zoning flexible through market mechanisms 13. Long-term land leases in France: An instrument to address scarcity of social housing VI REDISTRIBUTING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 14. Strategic land banking in the Netherlands: Experiencing Dutch dilemmas 15. Expropriation for urban development purposes in German: Consider very carefully before using it 16. Nationalization of land in Scotland: Private property and the public interest VI Conclusion 17. Planning with or against property rights

Jean-David Gerber is Associate Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland (tenure track).Thomas Hartmann is Associate Professor at Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.Andreas Hengstermann is a PhD student at the Institute of Geography, Research Unit Urban and Regional Planning, University of Bern, Switzerland.

• I Preface Foreword Preface II Introduction 1. Land, scarcity, and property rights 2. Land policy – how to deal with scarcity of land 3. Instruments of land policy – four types of intervention III REGULATING LAND USES WITHOUT IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 4. Reference land values in Germany: Land policy by market transparency 5. Added value capturing in Switzerland: How much is enough? 6. Land taxation in Estonia: An efficient instrument of land policy for land scarcity, equity, and ecology IV STEERING LAND USES THROUGH REGULATION IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 7. Negotiated land use plans in the Netherlands: A central instrument in Dutch ‘active’ and ‘passive’ land policy 8. Urban growth boundary in the USA: Managing land scarcity in the Portland region 9. Land readjustment in Portugal: Theoretically attractive but eternally postponed in practice 10. Building obligations in Switzerland: Overcoming the passivity of plan implementation V REDEFINING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 11. Pre-emption rights in France: Disputes over pre-emptions and the ‘land scarcity’ 12. Tradable development rights in the US: Making zoning flexible through market mechanisms 13. Long-term land leases in France: An instrument to address scarcity of social housing VI REDISTRIBUTING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 14. Strategic land banking in the Netherlands: Experiencing Dutch dilemmas 15. Expropriation for urban development purposes in German: Consider very carefully before using it 16. Nationalization of land in Scotland: Private property and the public interest VI Conclusion 17. Planning with or against property rights

Jean-David Gerber is Associate Professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland (tenure track).Thomas Hartmann is Associate Professor at Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands.Andreas Hengstermann is a PhD student at the Institute of Geography, Research Unit Urban and Regional Planning, University of Bern, Switzerland.

• I Preface Foreword Preface II Introduction 1. Land, scarcity, and property rights 2. Land policy – how to deal with scarcity of land 3. Instruments of land policy – four types of intervention III REGULATING LAND USES WITHOUT IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 4. Reference land values in Germany: Land policy by market transparency 5. Added value capturing in Switzerland: How much is enough? 6. Land taxation in Estonia: An efficient instrument of land policy for land scarcity, equity, and ecology IV STEERING LAND USES THROUGH REGULATION IMPACTING PROPERTY RIGHTS 7. Negotiated land use plans in the Netherlands: A central instrument in Dutch ‘active’ and ‘passive’ land policy 8. Urban growth boundary in the USA: Managing land scarcity in the Portland region 9. Land readjustment in Portugal: Theoretically attractive but eternally postponed in practice 10. Building obligations in Switzerland: Overcoming the passivity of plan implementation V REDEFINING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 11. Pre-emption rights in France: Disputes over pre-emptions and the ‘land scarcity’ 12. Tradable development rights in the US: Making zoning flexible through market mechanisms 13. Long-term land leases in France: An instrument to address scarcity of social housing VI REDISTRIBUTING PROPERTY RIGHTS TO STEER LAND USES 14. Strategic land banking in the Netherlands: Experiencing Dutch dilemmas 15. Expropriation for urban development purposes in German: Consider very carefully before using it 16. Nationalization of land in Scotland: Private property and the public interest VI Conclusion 17. Planning with or against property rights