Anna Sapir Abulafia is Professor Emerita of the Study of the Abrahamic Religions at the University of Oxford and an international authority on the medieval Christian–Jewish debate. Her books include Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. She is a Fellow of the British Academy.

• Part 1: The antecedents of Jewish service 1. Augustine and Roman law 2. Gregory the Great and canon law Part 2: The political and socio-economic realities of Jewish service 3. The Jews of Germany 4. The Jews of France 5. The Jews of England 6. The Jews of the Latin Mediterranean Part 3: The religious and cultural ambiguities of Jewish service 7. Jewish experience of the crusades 8. Anti-Jewish libels 9. Jewish service in encounters between Christians and Jews 10. Conclusion

Anna Sapir Abulafia is Professor Emerita of the Study of the Abrahamic Religions at the University of Oxford and an international authority on the medieval Christian–Jewish debate. Her books include Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. She is a Fellow of the British Academy.

• Part 1: The antecedents of Jewish service 1. Augustine and Roman law 2. Gregory the Great and canon law Part 2: The political and socio-economic realities of Jewish service 3. The Jews of Germany 4. The Jews of France 5. The Jews of England 6. The Jews of the Latin Mediterranean Part 3: The religious and cultural ambiguities of Jewish service 7. Jewish experience of the crusades 8. Anti-Jewish libels 9. Jewish service in encounters between Christians and Jews 10. Conclusion

Anna Sapir Abulafia is Professor Emerita of the Study of the Abrahamic Religions at the University of Oxford and an international authority on the medieval Christian–Jewish debate. Her books include Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. She is a Fellow of the British Academy.

• Part 1: The antecedents of Jewish service 1. Augustine and Roman law 2. Gregory the Great and canon law Part 2: The political and socio-economic realities of Jewish service 3. The Jews of Germany 4. The Jews of France 5. The Jews of England 6. The Jews of the Latin Mediterranean Part 3: The religious and cultural ambiguities of Jewish service 7. Jewish experience of the crusades 8. Anti-Jewish libels 9. Jewish service in encounters between Christians and Jews 10. Conclusion