Charles H. Wick is a retired lieutenant colonel and senior scientist from the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. He earned his PhD from the University of Washington. Dr. Wick is best known for work in forensic science done in concert with the Department of Defense. Dr. Wick’s research work has resulted in international recognition as an authority on individual performance for operations conducted on a nuclear, biological, and chemical battlefield. He has made lasting and important contributions to forensic science and antiterrorism and holds several U.S. patents in the area of microbe detection and classification. He has written more than 45 civilian and military publications and has received various awards and citations.

• Abbreviations and Glossary 7Preface 8About the Author 11Abstract 14Virus Detection 15Chapter 1 – Civilization and Disease 15Chapter 2 – Microbes, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses 442.1 Fungi 472.1.1 What is a Fungus 472.1.2 How are Fungi detected/classified 472.2 Bacteria 482.2.1. What are Bacteria? 482.2.2 How are Bacteria detected and classified 482.3 Viruses 492.3.1 What are viruses? 492.3.2 How are Viruses detected and classified 50Chapter 3 - Indirect Methods of Detecting viruses 63Chapter 4 - Electron microscopy. 654.1 Transmission ission Electron microscopy 674.1.1 How does a Tranmission Electron Microscope (TEM) work? 674.1.2 How do you use Electron Microscopy 684.1.3 How do you identify a new virus 694.2 Scanning Electron microscopy 744.3 Examples of both TEM and SEM visualization of viruses. 77Chapter 5 - Molecular Methods for detecting viruses 965.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 985.2 Antibody Methods 1135.3 How do you add new viruses to the Antibody Method of detection? 115Chapter 6 - Direct Virus Counting methods, such as IVDS. 1166.1 How does direct counting work? 1176.2 How do you identify a new virus with direct counting? 1186.3 Why IVDS was invented 1186.4 Flow chart showing how to use IVDS for virus detection 1206.5 The Recommended uses of IVDS 1246.6 Improving sensitivity of IVDS (Concentration and Accumulation) 1296.7 An Example - Following COV-19 through 5 days and then a 3 Month follow-up 1336.8 PCR and IVDS Compared 1476.9 Summary of the Fielded IVDS 149Chapter 7 – Mass Spectrometry Proteomic (MSP) Method 1507.1 Introduction 1517.2 Ion Mobility and Various Types of Mass Analyzers 1547.2.1 Using Electrospray Ionization (ESI) method in detecting viruses 1557.3 How do MSP Methods work for biological detection? 1577.4 Detection and Identification of Viruses using MSP 1597.5 Examples of Viruses Detected by MSP Methods using ABOid 1627.5.1 African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) - Variola Porcina 1637.5.2 Alcelaphine Herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) 1657.5.3 CamelpoxVirus (CMLV) 1657.5.4 Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 (CeHV-5) 1667.5.5 Goatpox Virus Pellor (GTPV) 1667.5.6 Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) 1667.5.7 MonkeypoxVirus Zaire-96-I-16 (MPV) 1677.5.8 Sheeppox Virus 1687.5.9 Vaccinia Virus (VACV) 1687.5.10 Variola Virus (VARV) 1687.5.11 Discussion of Viruses Detected by MSP and ABOid 1697.6 Adding new viruses using MSP 1707.7 Coronavirus Detection including SARS. 1757.7.1 Coronavirus Viruses 1767.7.2 National Average for Coronavirus 1777.7.8 Verifying COVID-19 detection. 1787.7.9 COVID-19 Detection Discussion 1807.8 Summary of MSP-ABOid detection of viruses 180Chapter 8 - Discussion 1828.1 Introduction 1848.2 What are the challenges when detecting viruses? 1918.3 Clinical 1948.4 Environmental 1978.5 Using during a Pandemic 2018.6 Other uses 203References 208