Frieder Dünkel is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Criminology at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Stefan Harrendorf is Professor of Criminology, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Comparative Criminal Law and Justice at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor Emeritus of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham, UK, and Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

• 1. IntroductionFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf and Dirk van Zyl SmitNational chapters2. AustraliaLorana Bartels, Thalia Anthony, Felicity Gerry, Andreea Lachsz and Steven Caruana3. AustriaWalter Hammerschick and Karin Bruckmüller4. BelgiumOlivia Nederlandt, An-Sofie Vanhouche and Kristel Beyens5. BrazilEllen Rodrigues and Eduardo Khoury6. CanadaSandra Bucerius, Rosemary Ricciardelli and Luca Berardi7. ChileAlvaro Castro Morales, Guillermo Sanhueza, Julio Cortéz and Violeta Puran8. ChinaSpencer Li9. Colombia, Bolivia, Perú, ArgentinaCesar Valderrama and Juan Hernandez10. Costa RicaCarlos Tiffer-Sotomayor and Paola Tiffer Hangen11. CroatiaMaja Munivrana Vajda and Elizabeta Ivičević Karas12. Czech RepublicHelena Válková and Jana Hulmáková13. DenmarkAnette Storgaard and Linda Kjaer Minke14. England/WalesCatherine Heard and Nicola Padfield15. EstoniaPriit Kama and Anneli Soo16. FinlandTapio Lappi-Seppälä17. FranceMartine Herzog-Evans18. GermanyFrieder Dünkel and Christine Morgenstern19. GreeceMaria Anagnostaki20. HungaryZsuzsanna Juhász21. IndiaMadhurima Dhanuka22. Ireland (including Northern Ireland)Ciara O’Connell, Mary Rogan, Michelle Martyn and Shadd Maruna23. ItalyLorenzo Picotti and Luisa Ravagnani 24. JapanKenji Takeuchi and Akinori Otani25. KenyaMercy Deche, Conrad Bosire and Sarah Kinyanjui26. LatviaIlona Kronberga27. LithuaniaGintautas Sakalauskas28. NetherlandsJolande uit Beijerse and Miranda Boone29. New ZealandAlice Mills30. North MacedoniaGordana Lažetic and Elena Mujoska-Trpevska31. NorwayBerit Johnsen32. PolandBarbara Stańdo-Kawecka33. PortugalAnabela Miranda Rodriguez and Inês Horta Pinto34. RomaniaIoan Durnescu and Ioana Mihaela Morar35. RussiaSergey Ovchinnikov36. ScotlandHannah Graham and Katrina Morrison37. SerbiaMilan Skulić38. SlovakiaMiroslava Vráblová39. SloveniaDanijela Mrhar Prelić and Robert Friškovec40. South AfricaLukas Muntingh 41. SpainJosep Cid, Laura Negredo López and Carles Soler42. SwedenLars Håkan Nilsson and Jenny Kärrholm 43. SwitzerlandMelanie Wegel and Jonas Weber 44. TurkeyGalma Akdeniz and İdil Aydınoğlu 45. USAJames Byrne, Don Hummer, Sabrina S. Rapisarda and Kimberly R. KrasComparative chapters46. International prisoners and the pandemic – Seeking release, improved conditions and family contact before international criminal courtsRoisin Mulgrew47. International Human Rights and COVID-19 in prisons: Medical isolation and independent oversightDirk van Zyl Smit, Roisin Mulgrew48. Prison population rates before and during the pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 about over-incarceration and its consequences for healthCatherine Heard49. Summary analysis of the situation in prisons and prison policy during and after the SARS-CoV-2 induced crisisFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf, Dirk van Zyl Smit50. What could we learn from COVID-19? – a reductionist and penal moderation approachFrieder Dünkel, Sonja Snacken

Frieder Dünkel is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Criminology at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Stefan Harrendorf is Professor of Criminology, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Comparative Criminal Law and Justice at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor Emeritus of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham, UK, and Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

• 1. IntroductionFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf and Dirk van Zyl SmitNational chapters2. AustraliaLorana Bartels, Thalia Anthony, Felicity Gerry, Andreea Lachsz and Steven Caruana3. AustriaWalter Hammerschick and Karin Bruckmüller4. BelgiumOlivia Nederlandt, An-Sofie Vanhouche and Kristel Beyens5. BrazilEllen Rodrigues and Eduardo Khoury6. CanadaSandra Bucerius, Rosemary Ricciardelli and Luca Berardi7. ChileAlvaro Castro Morales, Guillermo Sanhueza, Julio Cortéz and Violeta Puran8. ChinaSpencer Li9. Colombia, Bolivia, Perú, ArgentinaCesar Valderrama and Juan Hernandez10. Costa RicaCarlos Tiffer-Sotomayor and Paola Tiffer Hangen11. CroatiaMaja Munivrana Vajda and Elizabeta Ivičević Karas12. Czech RepublicHelena Válková and Jana Hulmáková13. DenmarkAnette Storgaard and Linda Kjaer Minke14. England/WalesCatherine Heard and Nicola Padfield15. EstoniaPriit Kama and Anneli Soo16. FinlandTapio Lappi-Seppälä17. FranceMartine Herzog-Evans18. GermanyFrieder Dünkel and Christine Morgenstern19. GreeceMaria Anagnostaki20. HungaryZsuzsanna Juhász21. IndiaMadhurima Dhanuka22. Ireland (including Northern Ireland)Ciara O’Connell, Mary Rogan, Michelle Martyn and Shadd Maruna23. ItalyLorenzo Picotti and Luisa Ravagnani 24. JapanKenji Takeuchi and Akinori Otani25. KenyaMercy Deche, Conrad Bosire and Sarah Kinyanjui26. LatviaIlona Kronberga27. LithuaniaGintautas Sakalauskas28. NetherlandsJolande uit Beijerse and Miranda Boone29. New ZealandAlice Mills30. North MacedoniaGordana Lažetic and Elena Mujoska-Trpevska31. NorwayBerit Johnsen32. PolandBarbara Stańdo-Kawecka33. PortugalAnabela Miranda Rodriguez and Inês Horta Pinto34. RomaniaIoan Durnescu and Ioana Mihaela Morar35. RussiaSergey Ovchinnikov36. ScotlandHannah Graham and Katrina Morrison37. SerbiaMilan Skulić38. SlovakiaMiroslava Vráblová39. SloveniaDanijela Mrhar Prelić and Robert Friškovec40. South AfricaLukas Muntingh 41. SpainJosep Cid, Laura Negredo López and Carles Soler42. SwedenLars Håkan Nilsson and Jenny Kärrholm 43. SwitzerlandMelanie Wegel and Jonas Weber 44. TurkeyGalma Akdeniz and İdil Aydınoğlu 45. USAJames Byrne, Don Hummer, Sabrina S. Rapisarda and Kimberly R. KrasComparative chapters46. International prisoners and the pandemic – Seeking release, improved conditions and family contact before international criminal courtsRoisin Mulgrew47. International Human Rights and COVID-19 in prisons: Medical isolation and independent oversightDirk van Zyl Smit, Roisin Mulgrew48. Prison population rates before and during the pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 about over-incarceration and its consequences for healthCatherine Heard49. Summary analysis of the situation in prisons and prison policy during and after the SARS-CoV-2 induced crisisFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf, Dirk van Zyl Smit50. What could we learn from COVID-19? – a reductionist and penal moderation approachFrieder Dünkel, Sonja Snacken

Frieder Dünkel is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Criminology at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Stefan Harrendorf is Professor of Criminology, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure and Comparative Criminal Law and Justice at the University of Greifswald, Germany. Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor Emeritus of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham, UK, and Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

• 1. IntroductionFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf and Dirk van Zyl SmitNational chapters2. AustraliaLorana Bartels, Thalia Anthony, Felicity Gerry, Andreea Lachsz and Steven Caruana3. AustriaWalter Hammerschick and Karin Bruckmüller4. BelgiumOlivia Nederlandt, An-Sofie Vanhouche and Kristel Beyens5. BrazilEllen Rodrigues and Eduardo Khoury6. CanadaSandra Bucerius, Rosemary Ricciardelli and Luca Berardi7. ChileAlvaro Castro Morales, Guillermo Sanhueza, Julio Cortéz and Violeta Puran8. ChinaSpencer Li9. Colombia, Bolivia, Perú, ArgentinaCesar Valderrama and Juan Hernandez10. Costa RicaCarlos Tiffer-Sotomayor and Paola Tiffer Hangen11. CroatiaMaja Munivrana Vajda and Elizabeta Ivičević Karas12. Czech RepublicHelena Válková and Jana Hulmáková13. DenmarkAnette Storgaard and Linda Kjaer Minke14. England/WalesCatherine Heard and Nicola Padfield15. EstoniaPriit Kama and Anneli Soo16. FinlandTapio Lappi-Seppälä17. FranceMartine Herzog-Evans18. GermanyFrieder Dünkel and Christine Morgenstern19. GreeceMaria Anagnostaki20. HungaryZsuzsanna Juhász21. IndiaMadhurima Dhanuka22. Ireland (including Northern Ireland)Ciara O’Connell, Mary Rogan, Michelle Martyn and Shadd Maruna23. ItalyLorenzo Picotti and Luisa Ravagnani 24. JapanKenji Takeuchi and Akinori Otani25. KenyaMercy Deche, Conrad Bosire and Sarah Kinyanjui26. LatviaIlona Kronberga27. LithuaniaGintautas Sakalauskas28. NetherlandsJolande uit Beijerse and Miranda Boone29. New ZealandAlice Mills30. North MacedoniaGordana Lažetic and Elena Mujoska-Trpevska31. NorwayBerit Johnsen32. PolandBarbara Stańdo-Kawecka33. PortugalAnabela Miranda Rodriguez and Inês Horta Pinto34. RomaniaIoan Durnescu and Ioana Mihaela Morar35. RussiaSergey Ovchinnikov36. ScotlandHannah Graham and Katrina Morrison37. SerbiaMilan Skulić38. SlovakiaMiroslava Vráblová39. SloveniaDanijela Mrhar Prelić and Robert Friškovec40. South AfricaLukas Muntingh 41. SpainJosep Cid, Laura Negredo López and Carles Soler42. SwedenLars Håkan Nilsson and Jenny Kärrholm 43. SwitzerlandMelanie Wegel and Jonas Weber 44. TurkeyGalma Akdeniz and İdil Aydınoğlu 45. USAJames Byrne, Don Hummer, Sabrina S. Rapisarda and Kimberly R. KrasComparative chapters46. International prisoners and the pandemic – Seeking release, improved conditions and family contact before international criminal courtsRoisin Mulgrew47. International Human Rights and COVID-19 in prisons: Medical isolation and independent oversightDirk van Zyl Smit, Roisin Mulgrew48. Prison population rates before and during the pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 about over-incarceration and its consequences for healthCatherine Heard49. Summary analysis of the situation in prisons and prison policy during and after the SARS-CoV-2 induced crisisFrieder Dünkel, Stefan Harrendorf, Dirk van Zyl Smit50. What could we learn from COVID-19? – a reductionist and penal moderation approachFrieder Dünkel, Sonja Snacken