Ralf Hertel is Professor of English Literature at the University of Trier, Germany. Michael Keevak is Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages at National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

• CONTENTSPrefaceNotes on Contributors Introduction: Telling Failures—Early Encounters between East Asia and EuropeRalf Hertel and Michael Keevak Part 1: Trade A Failure far from Heroic: Early European Encounters with ‘Far Eastern’ SlaveryRotem Kowner Faking It: The Invention of East Asia in Early Modern England Ralf HertelPart 2: Embassies4 The Travel Report of the Castilian Embassy to the Court of Tamerlane at Samarkand (1403–1406): The Failed Response from Tamerlane to King Henry III of Castile and LeónInke Gunia5 The ‘catastrophe of this new Chinese mission’: The Amherst Embassy to China of 1816Peter J. KitsonPart 3: Religion6 Failed Missions in Early Korean Encounters with ‛Western Learning’Marion Eggert7 The Christian Manchu Missions during the Qing Period (1644–1911): Perceptions and Political ImplicationsLars Laamann Part 4: Knowledge8 Persian Apples, Chinese Leaves, Arab Beans: Encounters with the East in Neo-Latin Didactic PoetryClaudia Schindler9 Failure, Empire, and the First Portuguese Embassy to China, 1517–1522Michael Keevak10 Lessons of Failure: Towards an Ethics of Cross-Cultural UnderstandingQS TongIndex

Ralf Hertel is Professor of English Literature at the University of Trier, Germany. Michael Keevak is Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages at National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

• CONTENTSPrefaceNotes on Contributors Introduction: Telling Failures—Early Encounters between East Asia and EuropeRalf Hertel and Michael Keevak Part 1: Trade A Failure far from Heroic: Early European Encounters with ‘Far Eastern’ SlaveryRotem Kowner Faking It: The Invention of East Asia in Early Modern England Ralf HertelPart 2: Embassies4 The Travel Report of the Castilian Embassy to the Court of Tamerlane at Samarkand (1403–1406): The Failed Response from Tamerlane to King Henry III of Castile and LeónInke Gunia5 The ‘catastrophe of this new Chinese mission’: The Amherst Embassy to China of 1816Peter J. KitsonPart 3: Religion6 Failed Missions in Early Korean Encounters with ‛Western Learning’Marion Eggert7 The Christian Manchu Missions during the Qing Period (1644–1911): Perceptions and Political ImplicationsLars Laamann Part 4: Knowledge8 Persian Apples, Chinese Leaves, Arab Beans: Encounters with the East in Neo-Latin Didactic PoetryClaudia Schindler9 Failure, Empire, and the First Portuguese Embassy to China, 1517–1522Michael Keevak10 Lessons of Failure: Towards an Ethics of Cross-Cultural UnderstandingQS TongIndex

Ralf Hertel is Professor of English Literature at the University of Trier, Germany. Michael Keevak is Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages at National Taiwan University, Taiwan.

• CONTENTSPrefaceNotes on Contributors Introduction: Telling Failures—Early Encounters between East Asia and EuropeRalf Hertel and Michael Keevak Part 1: Trade A Failure far from Heroic: Early European Encounters with ‘Far Eastern’ SlaveryRotem Kowner Faking It: The Invention of East Asia in Early Modern England Ralf HertelPart 2: Embassies4 The Travel Report of the Castilian Embassy to the Court of Tamerlane at Samarkand (1403–1406): The Failed Response from Tamerlane to King Henry III of Castile and LeónInke Gunia5 The ‘catastrophe of this new Chinese mission’: The Amherst Embassy to China of 1816Peter J. KitsonPart 3: Religion6 Failed Missions in Early Korean Encounters with ‛Western Learning’Marion Eggert7 The Christian Manchu Missions during the Qing Period (1644–1911): Perceptions and Political ImplicationsLars Laamann Part 4: Knowledge8 Persian Apples, Chinese Leaves, Arab Beans: Encounters with the East in Neo-Latin Didactic PoetryClaudia Schindler9 Failure, Empire, and the First Portuguese Embassy to China, 1517–1522Michael Keevak10 Lessons of Failure: Towards an Ethics of Cross-Cultural UnderstandingQS TongIndex