U.S.-Venezuela Relations since the 1990s

Javier Corrales is Professor of Political Science at Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, specializing in Comparative Politics and International Relations of Latin America and the Caribbean. His most recent book, Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela (Brookings Institution Press, 2011), co-authored with Michael Penfold, won the Foreign Affairs award for Best International Relations Book on the Western Hemisphere for 2011. His research has been published in numerous academic journals, and he is on the editorial board of Latin American Politics and Society and Americas Quarterly.Carlos A. Romero is a Venezuelan political scientist specializing in International Relations and Venezuelan Foreign Policy. He is Professor Emeritus in the Institute of Political Studies at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. He has published five books and eight in collaboration. His articles have appeared in numerous Venezuelan and foreign journals. His most recent book is Venezuela y la Integración Regional (2008).

"No one has better explained the strange relationship between the United States and Hugo Chavez's Venezuela than Javier Corrales and Carlos Romero. In their words, Venezuela has chosen to ally with "Lilliputians" like Nicaragua and "international pariahs," like Iran and North Korea, to project anti-Americanism while remaining a reliable oil supplier. This superb study of convoluted charisma also contributes theoretically to our understanding of international relations."—Robert A. Pastor, American University"This study closely examines the US-Venezuela relationship, the most complex and contentious of the US relationships with Latin America. Theoretically informed and well researched, the study provides a nuanced analysis useful to any scholar working in the area. It will also be an important book for any course on US-Latin American relations."—David Mares, UC San Diego"In this theoretically grounded volume, Javier Corrales and Carlos Romero provide a thorough review of Venezuela’s evolving foreign policy towards the United States and the world during the government of Hugo Chávez. The authors demonstrate a fine command of the nuances of Venezuelan foreign and domestic politics during the past decade. They deploy this to great effect by integrating international and domestic explanations for the increasingly adversarial tenor of the bilateral relationship between the United States and Venezuela. This should prove a valuable addition to scholarship on Venezuela and its place in the world."—Harold Trinkunas, Naval Postgraduate School

• Part I: U.S.-Venezuela Relations and IR Theory 1. Introduction: Old Themes, and Variation. Part II: Neorealism, Soft Balancing, and Mid-Level Security Threats. 2. Venezuela’s New Foreign Policy Through the Prism of Neorealism 3. U.S. Responses: The Rise and Decline of Emulation Part III: Beyond Neorealism: Economics, Ideas, and Institutions. 4. Oil’s Double Role and the Concept of Friends/Enemies 5. The "Talk Softly, Sanction Softly" Policy: Origins, Benefits, and Limitations Part IV: Regime Type and Other Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy. 6. Regime Type and Venezuela: President and Soldiers 7. Regime Type and US Policy Toward Venezuela: President and Congress Part V: Overreaching and Outreaching. 8. From ALBA to Damascus: Tiny Allies, Big Pariahs and Identity Construction 9. Conclusion: Friends/Enemies, for Now