Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases

Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, is an Associate Pathologist in the Department of Pathology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and an Assistant Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Solomon retains the status of Neurooncology Member at the Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in Boston, Massachusetts. Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, is a consultant pathologist, executive director, and medical director at Libragem Consulting, LLC, in Palm Springs, California, and an Associate Professor at the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts

• SECTION 1: OVERVIEW4 Standard Methods for Infectious DiseasesZoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Shira Winters, MD10 Emerging TechniquesJessica Crothers, MD12 Biosafety ConsiderationsJessica Crothers, MD16 Pitfalls and ArtifactsJessica Crothers, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDSECTION 2: VIRAL INFECTIONSDNA VIRUSES22 Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA28 Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3) InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA32 Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4) InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA38 Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA44 Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7) InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD46 Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV-8) InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA52 Herpes B Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD54 Adenovirus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA58 Hepatitis B and D Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA62 Parvovirus B19 InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA66 JC Virus, BK Virus, and Other Polyomavirus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD72 Human Papillomavirus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA78 Molluscum ContagiosumIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD80 Smallpox, Mpox, and Other Pox Virus InfectionsAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDRNA VIRUSES86 Arbovirus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD92 Zika Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA96 Ebola, Marburg, and Other Hemorrhagic Fever Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA102 Enterovirus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi),MBA104 Poliovirus InfectionJessica Crothers, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD106 Rabies Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD108 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD110 Measles Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD112 Mumps Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD114 Rubella Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD116 Human Immunodeficiency Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA120 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA122 Influenza Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD126 Parainfluenza Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD128 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD134 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Other Coronavirus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD136 Respiratory Syncytial Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Eleanor Russell-Goldman,MD, PhD138 Rhinoviruses, Human Metapneumovirus, and Other Respiratory Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD140 Rotavirus, Norovirus, and Astrovirus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD142 Hepatitis A and E Virus InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD146 Hepatitis C Virus InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBASECTION 3: PRION DISEASES152 Transmissible Spongiform EncephalopathiesIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDSECTION 4: BACTERIAL INFECTIONS158 Bacterial Classification and DiagnosisNicole Pecora, MD, PhD160 BotryomycosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA162 MalakoplakiaMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Leigh Compton, MDGRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA164 ActinomycosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Leigh Compton, MD166 Bacillus Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD170 Clostridioides and Other Gram-Positive AnaerobesNicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD174 Corynebacterium Species InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD178 Listeria Species InfectionZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD180 Rhodococcus Species InfectionZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD182 Staphylococcus Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD188 Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD192 Whipple DiseaseJessica Crothers, MD, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDGRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA196 Pathologically Important Enterobacterales: Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Yersinia Species InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD204 Fastidious Organisms: Brucella, Francisella, Haemophilus, and Legionella Species InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD210 Nonfermentative Organisms: Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Lenette Lu, MD, PhD216 Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Other Gram- Negative AnaerobesZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD220 Bartonella Species InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc222 Campylobacter and Vibrio Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD226 HelicobacteriosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA228 Neisseria and Moraxella Species InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA232 PertussisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA234 Intestinal SpirochetosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD236 Borrelia Species InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD240 Leptospira Species InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD242 Syphilis and Other TreponematosesAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA248 Anaplasmosis and EhrlichiosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, andLenette Lu, MD, PhD252 Chlamydophila and Chlamydia Species InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD256 Coxiella Species InfectionIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD258 Rickettsia and Orientia Species InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD262 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Species InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDACID-FAST BACTERIA264 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA270 LeprosyMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD274 Buruli UlcerAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc276 Mycobacterium avium Complex and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacterial InfectionsNicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD280 NocardiosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBASECTION 5: FUNGAL INFECTIONS286 Fungal Classification and DiagnosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBAMOLDS290 AspergillosisZoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD296 EntomophthoramycosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc300 FusariosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD302 MucormycosisZoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD306 MycetomaAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Brian J. Hall, MD310 PhaeohyphomycosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD312 Scedosporiosis and LomentosporiosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD314 Scopulariopsis InfectionsZoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD316 TineasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Leigh Compton, MD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD318 TrichosporonosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA320 Superficial MycosesAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMScYEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE ORGANISMS324 BlastomycosisJessica Crothers, MD330 CandidiasisJessica Crothers, MD, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD336 ChromoblastomycosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD340 CoccidioidomycosisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD344 CryptococcosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD350 HistoplasmosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD356 LobomycosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc358 ParacoccidioidomycosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD360 PneumocystosisJessica Crothers, MD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD364 SporotrichosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA368 TalaromycosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD370 RhinosporidiosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc372 ProtothecosisJessica Crothers, MDSECTION 6: PROTOZOAN PARASITIC INFECTIONS376 Parasite Classification and DiagnosisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBAGASTROINTESTINAL AND OTHER LUMINAL PROTOZOA380 BalantidiasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA382 Cryptosporidiosis and Other Coccidia InfectionsIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA386 EntamebiasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD390 GiardiasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD392 MicrosporidiosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA394 TrichomoniasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPHINTRAVASCULAR PROTOZOA396 African TrypanosomiasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA398 BabesiosisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Lenette Lu, MD, PhD402 MalariaIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBADEEP TISSUE PROTOZOA408 Free-Living AmebiasisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA414 American TrypanosomiasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD416 LeishmaniasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD420 ToxoplasmosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBASECTION 7: HELMINTHIC PARASITIC INFECTIONSNEMATODES426 Ancylostomiasis and NecatoriasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA428 AngiostrongyliasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD430 AscariasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA434 EnterobiasisJessica Crothers, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD438 GnathostomiasisAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc440 Human FilariasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD444 OnchocerciasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA446 StrongyloidiasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD450 TrichuriasisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA454 TrichinellosisJessica Crothers, MDTREMATODES456 Clonorchiasis and OpisthorchiasisJessica Crothers, MD460 Fascioliasis and FasciolopsiasisJessica Crothers, MD462 ParagonimiasisJessica Crothers, MD464 SchistosomiasisDan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDCESTODES470 CoenurosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD472 CysticercosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD478 Diphyllobothriasis and HymenolepiasisJessica Crothers, MD482 EchinococcosisDan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD486 SparganosisIsaac H. Solomon, MD, PhDSECTION 8: INFESTATIONS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATE-RELATED MALADIES490 Tissue Damage From Arachnids and InsectsAlvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA498 MyiasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA500 ScabiesMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA502 Demodex InfestationsMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA504 TungiasisMalak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA