Dr D. Julie Carrier is a Professor in Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Her current research is aimed at extracting valuable chemical components from biomass. She has been working in this field for 10 years, accumulating over 50 peer-reviewed papers. In addition to her research, she teaches courses on properties of biological materials and biotechnology/bioprocessing. She has authored over 50 peer reviewed journal articles and 2 book chapters.Danielle Julie Carrier, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.Shri Ramaswamy, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Kaufert Lab, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.

• Series Preface xiii Preface xvList of Contributors xvii1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology 1Mahmoud A. Sharara, Edgar C. Clausen and Danielle Julie Carrier1.1 Introduction 11.2 Feedstock 21.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 41.4 Biochemical Conversion 101.5 Conclusion 152 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites 19Chantal Bergeron2.1 Introduction 192.2 Primary Metabolites 202.3 Secondary Metabolites 232.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds 352.5 Conclusion 353 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries 37Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy3.1 Introduction 373.2 Conventional Separation Approaches 393.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 453.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries 463.5 Summary 494 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective 55Kent Rausch4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes 554.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn 634.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery 714.4 Conclusions 865 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems 93Nurhan Turgut Dunford5.1 Introduction 935.2 Cereals 955.3 Oilseed Biorefineries 1025.4 Conclusions 1086 Bioactive Soy Co-Products 117Arvind Kannan, Srinivas Rayaprolu and Navam Hettiarachchy6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries 1196.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products 1226.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products 1236.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery – Nanoencapsulation 1266.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1277 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing 133Juliana M. Prado and M. Angela A. Meireles7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake 1357.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts 1387.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids 1437.5 Conclusions 1488 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing 153John A. Manthey8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams 1548.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products 1638.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products 1658.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts 1708.6 Conclusion 1719 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses 179Bryan D. Bals, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Methods of Separating Protein 1819.3 Protein Concentration 1859.4 Uses for Leaf Protein 1879.5 Integration with Biofuel Production 1899.6 Conclusions 19210 Phytochemicals from Algae 199Liam Brennan, Anika Mostaert, Cormac Murphy and Philip Owende10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals 20310.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 21310.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 22010.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds 22410.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution 22810.7 Conclusions 22811 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 241Francois Simard, Andre Pichette and Jean Legault11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 24311.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest 25011.4 Conclusion 25312 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark 259Michelle Co and Charlotta Turner12.1 Introduction 25912.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark 26112.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch 26712.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants 27012.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 27212.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives 27813 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract 287Abigail S. Engelberth and G. Peter van Walsum13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Hemicellulose Recovery 28913.3 Hemicellulose Conversion 29513.4 Process Economics 30513.5 Conclusion 30614 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts 311Mamdouh Abou-Zaid and Ian M. Scott14.1 Introduction 31114.2 Overview of Forest Feedstock 31214.3 Pyrolysis Technology 31714.4 Prospects for Fuel Production 31714.5 Chemicals in the Bio-Oil 31814.6 Valuable Chemical Recovery Process 32014.7 Selected Phytochemicals from Pyrolysis Bio-Oils 32114.8 Other Products 32214.9 Future Prospects 32315 Char from Sugarcane Bagasse 327K. Thomas Klasson15.1 Introduction 32715.2 Sugarcane Bagasse Availability 33015.3 Thermal Processing in an Inert Atmosphere (Pyrolysis) 33115.4 Technology for Converting Char to Activated Char 33215.5 Char and Activated-Char Characterization and Implications for Use 33315.6 Uses of Bagasse Char and Activated Char 34315.7 Conclusions 345References 345Index 351

Dr D. Julie Carrier is a Professor in Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Her current research is aimed at extracting valuable chemical components from biomass. She has been working in this field for 10 years, accumulating over 50 peer-reviewed papers. In addition to her research, she teaches courses on properties of biological materials and biotechnology/bioprocessing. She has authored over 50 peer reviewed journal articles and 2 book chapters.Danielle Julie Carrier, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.Shri Ramaswamy, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Kaufert Lab, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.

• Series Preface xiii Preface xvList of Contributors xvii1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology 1Mahmoud A. Sharara, Edgar C. Clausen and Danielle Julie Carrier1.1 Introduction 11.2 Feedstock 21.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 41.4 Biochemical Conversion 101.5 Conclusion 152 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites 19Chantal Bergeron2.1 Introduction 192.2 Primary Metabolites 202.3 Secondary Metabolites 232.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds 352.5 Conclusion 353 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries 37Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy3.1 Introduction 373.2 Conventional Separation Approaches 393.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 453.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries 463.5 Summary 494 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective 55Kent Rausch4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes 554.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn 634.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery 714.4 Conclusions 865 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems 93Nurhan Turgut Dunford5.1 Introduction 935.2 Cereals 955.3 Oilseed Biorefineries 1025.4 Conclusions 1086 Bioactive Soy Co-Products 117Arvind Kannan, Srinivas Rayaprolu and Navam Hettiarachchy6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries 1196.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products 1226.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products 1236.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery – Nanoencapsulation 1266.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1277 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing 133Juliana M. Prado and M. Angela A. Meireles7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake 1357.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts 1387.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids 1437.5 Conclusions 1488 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing 153John A. Manthey8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams 1548.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products 1638.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products 1658.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts 1708.6 Conclusion 1719 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses 179Bryan D. Bals, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Methods of Separating Protein 1819.3 Protein Concentration 1859.4 Uses for Leaf Protein 1879.5 Integration with Biofuel Production 1899.6 Conclusions 19210 Phytochemicals from Algae 199Liam Brennan, Anika Mostaert, Cormac Murphy and Philip Owende10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals 20310.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 21310.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 22010.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds 22410.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution 22810.7 Conclusions 22811 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 241Francois Simard, Andre Pichette and Jean Legault11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 24311.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest 25011.4 Conclusion 25312 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark 259Michelle Co and Charlotta Turner12.1 Introduction 25912.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark 26112.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch 26712.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants 27012.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 27212.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives 27813 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract 287Abigail S. Engelberth and G. Peter van Walsum13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Hemicellulose Recovery 28913.3 Hemicellulose Conversion 29513.4 Process Economics 30513.5 Conclusion 30614 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts 311Mamdouh Abou-Zaid and Ian M. Scott14.1 Introduction 31114.2 Overview of Forest Feedstock 31214.3 Pyrolysis Technology 31714.4 Prospects for Fuel Production 31714.5 Chemicals in the Bio-Oil 31814.6 Valuable Chemical Recovery Process 32014.7 Selected Phytochemicals from Pyrolysis Bio-Oils 32114.8 Other Products 32214.9 Future Prospects 32315 Char from Sugarcane Bagasse 327K. Thomas Klasson15.1 Introduction 32715.2 Sugarcane Bagasse Availability 33015.3 Thermal Processing in an Inert Atmosphere (Pyrolysis) 33115.4 Technology for Converting Char to Activated Char 33215.5 Char and Activated-Char Characterization and Implications for Use 33315.6 Uses of Bagasse Char and Activated Char 34315.7 Conclusions 345References 345Index 351

Dr D. Julie Carrier is a Professor in Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Arkansas. Her current research is aimed at extracting valuable chemical components from biomass. She has been working in this field for 10 years, accumulating over 50 peer-reviewed papers. In addition to her research, she teaches courses on properties of biological materials and biotechnology/bioprocessing. She has authored over 50 peer reviewed journal articles and 2 book chapters.Danielle Julie Carrier, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.Shri Ramaswamy, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, Kaufert Lab, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.

• Series Preface xiii Preface xvList of Contributors xvii1 An Overview of Biorefinery Technology 1Mahmoud A. Sharara, Edgar C. Clausen and Danielle Julie Carrier1.1 Introduction 11.2 Feedstock 21.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 41.4 Biochemical Conversion 101.5 Conclusion 152 Overview of the Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Plant Metabolites 19Chantal Bergeron2.1 Introduction 192.2 Primary Metabolites 202.3 Secondary Metabolites 232.4 Stability of Isolated Compounds 352.5 Conclusion 353 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals as Co-Products in Biorefineries 37Hua-Jiang Huang and Shri Ramaswamy3.1 Introduction 373.2 Conventional Separation Approaches 393.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 453.4 Separation and Purification of Phytochemicals from Plant Extracts and Dilute Solution in Biorefineries 463.5 Summary 494 Phytochemicals from Corn: a Processing Perspective 55Kent Rausch4.1 Introduction: Corn Processes 554.2 Phytochemicals Found in Corn 634.3 Corn Processing Effects on Phytochemical Recovery 714.4 Conclusions 865 Co-Products from Cereal and Oilseed Biorefinery Systems 93Nurhan Turgut Dunford5.1 Introduction 935.2 Cereals 955.3 Oilseed Biorefineries 1025.4 Conclusions 1086 Bioactive Soy Co-Products 117Arvind Kannan, Srinivas Rayaprolu and Navam Hettiarachchy6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Co-Products Obtained from Industrial Biorefineries 1196.3 Technologies Used to Extract Co-Products 1226.4 Bioactivities and Nutritional Value in Biorefinery Co-Products 1236.5 Modern Technologies for Efficient Delivery – Nanoencapsulation 1266.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1277 Production of Valuable Compounds by Supercritical Technology Using Residues from Sugarcane Processing 133Juliana M. Prado and M. Angela A. Meireles7.1 Introduction 1337.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Filter Cake 1357.3 Process Simulation for Estimating Manufacturing Cost of Extracts 1387.4 Hydrolysis of Bagasse with Sub/Supercritical Fluids 1437.5 Conclusions 1488 Potential Value-Added Co-products from Citrus Fruit Processing 153John A. Manthey8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Fruit Processing and Byproduct Streams 1548.3 Polysaccharides as Value-Added Products 1638.4 Phytonutrients as Value-Added Products 1658.5 Fermentation and Production of Enhanced Byproducts 1708.6 Conclusion 1719 Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses 179Bryan D. Bals, Bruce E. Dale and Venkatesh Balan9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Methods of Separating Protein 1819.3 Protein Concentration 1859.4 Uses for Leaf Protein 1879.5 Integration with Biofuel Production 1899.6 Conclusions 19210 Phytochemicals from Algae 199Liam Brennan, Anika Mostaert, Cormac Murphy and Philip Owende10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Commercial Applications of Algal Phytochemicals 20310.3 Production Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 21310.4 Extraction Techniques for Algal Phytochemicals 22010.5 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Algae-Derived Compounds 22410.6 Phytochemical Market Evolution 22810.7 Conclusions 22811 New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 241Francois Simard, Andre Pichette and Jean Legault11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Identification of New Bioactive Natural Products from Canadian Boreal Forest 24311.3 Chemical Modification of Bioactive Natural Products from the Canadian Boreal Forest 25011.4 Conclusion 25312 Pressurized Fluid Extraction and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch Bark 259Michelle Co and Charlotta Turner12.1 Introduction 25912.2 Qualitative Analysis of Birch Bark 26112.3 Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Birch 26712.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array, Electrochemical and Mass Spectrometric Detection of Antioxidants 27012.5 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 27212.6 Discussion and Future Perspectives 27813 Adding Value to the Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Co-Products from Hemicellulose-Rich Pre-Pulping Extract 287Abigail S. Engelberth and G. Peter van Walsum13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Hemicellulose Recovery 28913.3 Hemicellulose Conversion 29513.4 Process Economics 30513.5 Conclusion 30614 Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Temperate Forests: Fuels, Phytochemicals and Bioproducts 311Mamdouh Abou-Zaid and Ian M. Scott14.1 Introduction 31114.2 Overview of Forest Feedstock 31214.3 Pyrolysis Technology 31714.4 Prospects for Fuel Production 31714.5 Chemicals in the Bio-Oil 31814.6 Valuable Chemical Recovery Process 32014.7 Selected Phytochemicals from Pyrolysis Bio-Oils 32114.8 Other Products 32214.9 Future Prospects 32315 Char from Sugarcane Bagasse 327K. Thomas Klasson15.1 Introduction 32715.2 Sugarcane Bagasse Availability 33015.3 Thermal Processing in an Inert Atmosphere (Pyrolysis) 33115.4 Technology for Converting Char to Activated Char 33215.5 Char and Activated-Char Characterization and Implications for Use 33315.6 Uses of Bagasse Char and Activated Char 34315.7 Conclusions 345References 345Index 351