Andrew G. Walder is John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences, Harvard University.

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. Communist Neo-Traditionalism: An Introductory Essay The Neo-Traditional Image of Communist Society Communist Neo-Traditionalism as a Type-Concept Social and Economic Dependence on the Enterprise Political Dependence on Management Personal Dependence on Superiors The Institutional Culture of Authority Precis of the Analysis 2. The Factory as an Institution: Life Chances in a Status Society The Transition to a Communist Pattern Demographic Problems and the Administrative Response Status Groups in the Labor Force The Supply and Allocation of State Sector Jobs Social and Economic Aspects of the Employment RelationshipLabor Mobility and Dependence on the Enterprise Mobility and Life Chances in the Enterprise The Structured Dependence of the Enterprise Community 3· The Party-State in the Factory The Party-State and the Working Class The Political Organization of the Factory The "Foreman's Empire" on the Shop FloorThe Chinese Work Group System Stalinist and Maoist Mobilization: A Comparison 4· Principled Particularism: Moral and Political Aspects of Authority Social Ties in Ideological Groups From Ideological Orientation to Principled Particularism Biaoxian and the Flexibility of Rewards and Punishments Worker Responses to Moral-Political Authority The Substantive Ambiguity of Biaoxian 5· Clientelist Bureaucracy: The Factory Social Order The Divided Workforce as a Social Fact The Official Patron-Client Network Cliques and Factions Instrumental-Personal Ties A Comparative Perspective 6. Maoist Asceticism: The Failed Revitalization Maoism as a Revitalization Movement Trends in Real Wages and Living Standards The Inequities of Wage Austerity The Emergence of Indulgent Patterns of Authority The Expanding Scope of Instrumental-Personal Ties The Decline of Work Groups The Unintended Consequences of Revitalization From Asceticism to Paternalism: Changes in the Wake of Maoism7. From Asceticism to PaternalismThe Restriction of Moral-Political Mobilization Recasting the Political Standards The Redefinition of Activism The Changing Role of the Party Continuities in the Pattern of Dependence The Evolving Institutional Culture 8. Theoretical ReflectionsThe Structure of Communist SocietiesSocial Stability and Legitimacy in Communist StatesThe Varieties of Modern Industrial Authority The Evolution of Communist Societies Appendix A: The Hong Kong Interviews: An Essay on Method Appendix B: List of Informants Bibliography Index