Robert Chazan is Scheuer Professor of Hebrew and Judaic Studies and chair of the Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York University.

• PrefaceIntroductionI. The BackgroundThe Awakening of Northern EuropeThe Growth and Development of Northern European JewryChristian-Jewish RelationsII. The Sources and Their ReliabilityThe Christian SourcesThe Jewish SourcesIII. The Violence of 1096Varieties of ViolenceThe Devastating Assaults: A Closer LookIV. The Patterns of ResponsePreserving Jewish LivesConversion or Martyrdomv. Subsequent Jewish ReactionsThe Return to NormalcyMemorialization, Rationalization, and ExplanationVI. The Church, the Jews, and the Later CrusadesAssertion of Effective Control over CrusadingRelated Economic IssuesVII. Glances Backward and ForwardReflections of the Late Eleventh Century1096 as a Watershed1096 as a "Portent of Things to Come"New-Style Persecution and New-Style MartyrdomAppendixAbbreviationsNotesGlossaryBibliographyIndex