Gabriel Tortella is Professor of Economic History, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, and, most recently, coeditor of The State, the Financial System, and Economic Modernization.

In its broad scope and depth of analysis, it supersedes all other English language works on the subject…the deftness with which he ties economic events to the political frameworks within which they occur; his analysis of the disastrous effects of the autarchical policies of the 1940s is especially outstanding… Tortella combines the strengths of historian and economist in an unusually fruitful way.

• Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction: An Overview 2. The Nineteenth Century: Politics, Population, and Human Capital 3. Agriculture: Persistent Underdevelopment 4. Industry: A Long Infancy 5. Transportation and Commerce 6. Money and Banking 7. The Role of the State 8. The Entrepreneurial Factor 9. The Twentieth Century 10. Demographic Modernization 11. Agricultural Transformation: From Underdevelopment to Backwardness 12. Industrial Takeoff 13. The Foreign Sector 14. The Evolution of Money and Banking 15. The Changing Role of the State 16. Conclusions Chronology Notes Works Cited Index

Gabriel Tortella is Professor of Economic History, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, and, most recently, coeditor of The State, the Financial System, and Economic Modernization.

In its broad scope and depth of analysis, it supersedes all other English language works on the subject…the deftness with which he ties economic events to the political frameworks within which they occur; his analysis of the disastrous effects of the autarchical policies of the 1940s is especially outstanding… Tortella combines the strengths of historian and economist in an unusually fruitful way.

• Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction: An Overview 2. The Nineteenth Century: Politics, Population, and Human Capital 3. Agriculture: Persistent Underdevelopment 4. Industry: A Long Infancy 5. Transportation and Commerce 6. Money and Banking 7. The Role of the State 8. The Entrepreneurial Factor 9. The Twentieth Century 10. Demographic Modernization 11. Agricultural Transformation: From Underdevelopment to Backwardness 12. Industrial Takeoff 13. The Foreign Sector 14. The Evolution of Money and Banking 15. The Changing Role of the State 16. Conclusions Chronology Notes Works Cited Index

Gabriel Tortella is Professor of Economic History, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, and, most recently, coeditor of The State, the Financial System, and Economic Modernization.

In its broad scope and depth of analysis, it supersedes all other English language works on the subject…the deftness with which he ties economic events to the political frameworks within which they occur; his analysis of the disastrous effects of the autarchical policies of the 1940s is especially outstanding… Tortella combines the strengths of historian and economist in an unusually fruitful way.

• Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction: An Overview 2. The Nineteenth Century: Politics, Population, and Human Capital 3. Agriculture: Persistent Underdevelopment 4. Industry: A Long Infancy 5. Transportation and Commerce 6. Money and Banking 7. The Role of the State 8. The Entrepreneurial Factor 9. The Twentieth Century 10. Demographic Modernization 11. Agricultural Transformation: From Underdevelopment to Backwardness 12. Industrial Takeoff 13. The Foreign Sector 14. The Evolution of Money and Banking 15. The Changing Role of the State 16. Conclusions Chronology Notes Works Cited Index